Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35836707›Full record

ArticleGastroenterology research2022

Association of Smoking and E-Cigarette in Chronic Liver Disease: An NHANES Study.

Raja Chandra Chakinala, Sameer Dawoodi, Stephanie P Fabara, Muhammad Asad, Azadeh Khayyat, Sangeetha Chandramohan, Aysha Aslam, Nkechi Unachukwu, Bibimariyam Nasyrlaeva, Richa Jaiswal and 3 more

RetractedOpen access · diamondAbstract readRetracted Publication
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Gastroenterology research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
0.9field-weighted citation impact, top 26% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. The Role of miRNA-21 in the Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma as a Therapeutic Target.International journal of hematology-oncology and stem cell research · 2026
    Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors at 13 institutions in 2 countries.

Raja Chandra ChakinalaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, PA, USA.
Sameer DawoodiDepartment of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health, Bridgeport Hospital, CT, USA.
Stephanie P FabaraDepartment of Internal Medicine, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Muhammad AsadDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
Azadeh KhayyatDepartment of Pathology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
Sangeetha ChandramohanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Aysha AslamDepartment of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA.
Nkechi UnachukwuDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Bibimariyam NasyrlaevaDepartment of Pathology, siParadigm Diagnostic Informatics, Pine Brook, NJ, USA.
Richa JaiswalDepartment of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
Sriram B ChowdaryDepartment of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Community Medical Center, PA, USA.
Preeti MalikDepartment of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-0225
Rizwan RabbaniDepartment of Internal Medicine, Temple University Hospital Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Bridgeport Hospital · USBrown University · USCommunity Medical Center · USIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai · USMedical University of South Carolina · USMontefiore Medical Center · USNewYork–Presbyterian Hospital · USStanford Medicine · USSUNY Upstate Medical University · USTemple University Hospital · USUniversidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil · ECUniversity Diagnostic Institute · USUniversity of Arizona · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: There is an increased trend of e-cigarette but the toxic effects of e-cigarette metabolites are not widely studied especially in liver disease. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and patterns of recent e-cigarette use in a nationally representative sample of US adults and adolescents and its association amongst respondents with liver disease. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2015 to 2018. The self-reported NHANES questionnaire was used to assess liver disease (MCQ160L, MCQ170L and MCQ 510 (a-e)), e-cigarette use (SMQ900) and traditional smoking status (SMQ020 or SMQ040). We conducted univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression models to predict the association of e-cigarette use, traditional smoking and dual smoking amongst the population with liver disease. Results: Out of total 178,300 respondents, 7,756 (4.35%) were e-cigarette users, 48,625 (27.27%) traditional smoking, 23,444 (13.15%) dual smoking and 98,475 (55.23%) non-smokers. Females had a higher frequency of e-cigarette use (49.3%) compared to dual (43%) and traditional smoking (40.8%) (P < 0.0001). Respondents with a past history of any liver disease have lower frequency of e-cigarette use compared to dual and traditional smoking, respectively (2.4% vs. 6.4% vs. 7.2%; P < 0.0001). In multivariate logistic regression models, we found that e-cigarette users (odds ratio (OR): 1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05 - 1.06; P < 0.0001) and dual smoking (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.50 - 1.51; P < 0.0001) were associated with higher odds of having history of liver disease compared to non-smokers. Conclusion: Our study found that despite the low frequency of e-cigarette use in respondents with liver disease, there was higher odds of e-cigarette use amongst patients with liver disease. This warrants the need for more future prospective studies to evaluate the long-term effects and precise mechanisms of e-cigarette toxicants on the liver.

Indexed as

Dual smokingE-cigaretteHepatitis BHepatitis CLiver diseaseLiver toxicitySmoking

Identifiers

PMID35836707
PMCPMC9239491
OpenAlexW4283258754

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.