ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2022
The association of age at menarche and adult height with mammographic density in the International Consortium of Mammographic Density.
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20 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reproductive factors and the expression of stromal markers in benign breast biopsy samples.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Interactions between genetic and epidemiological factors influencing mammographic density.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Investigating the relationship between breast cancer risk factors and an AI-generated mammographic texture feature in the Nurses' Health Study II.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Association of reproductive and menstrual factors with the risk of breast cancer in women: a population-based study.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Early thelarche, reproductive hormones, and MRI-based breast density: a prospective study in China.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- High dietary total energy intake and energy density are associated with girls' breast density during puberty.European journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Mammographic Density in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk Factors among Chinese Women.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Age at First Full-term Pregnancy and Other Reproductive Factors Are Associated with Mammographic Breast Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Study in Flanders, Belgium.Cancer research communications · 2025Article
- Automated Breast Density Assessment for Full-Field Digital Mammography and Digital Breast Tomosynthesis.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Lifecourse Growth and Development Determinants of Mammographic Density in Black Women.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2024Article
- Height and breast cancer risk in premenopausal Korean women aged under 40 years of age.British journal of cancer · 2024Article
- Reproductive factors and mammographic density within the International Consortium of Mammographic Density: A cross-sectional study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- The Prospective Association between Early Life Growth and Breast Density in Young Adult Women.Cancers · 2024Article
- Mammographic density mediates the protective effect of early-life body size on breast cancer risk.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Reproductive risk factors for breast cancer and association with novel breast density measurements among Hispanic, Black, and White women.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2024Article
- Breast composition during and after puberty: the Chilean Growth and Obesity Cohort Study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- Identifying factors that indicate the possibility of non-visible cases on mammograms using mammary gland content ratio estimated by artificial intelligence.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- Breast cancer risk factors and mammographic density among 12518 average-risk women in rural China.BMC cancer · 2023Article
- The mediating role of mammographic density in the protective effect of early-life adiposity on breast cancer risk: a multivariable Mendelian randomization study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: 21st Century Advances, Gaps to Address through Interdisciplinary Science.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
52 authors at 20 institutions in 22 countries.
Sarah V WardSchool of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Anya BurtonEnvironment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France.
Rulla M TamimiPopulation Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA.
Ana PereiraInstitute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Maria Luisa GarmendiaInstitute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Marina PollanCancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Norman BoydPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Isabel Dos-Santos-SilvaDepartment of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Gertraud MaskarinecUniversity of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA.
Beatriz Perez-GomezCancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Celine VachonDepartment of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Hui MiaoSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.
Martín LajousInstituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
Ruy López-RidauraInstituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
Kimberly BertrandSlone Epidemiology Center at, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
Ava KwongDivision of Breast Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China.
Giske UrsinCancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway.
Eunjung LeeDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
Huiyan MaDepartment of Population Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
Sarah VinnicombeDivision of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
Sue MossWolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Steve AllenDepartment of Imaging, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Rose NdumiaAga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
Sudhir VinayakAga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
Soo-Hwang TeoBreast Cancer Research Group, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Shivaani MariapunCancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
Beata PeplonskaDepartment of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
Agnieszka Bukowska-DamskaDepartment of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Immunology,, Medical University of Lodz., Łódź, Poland.
Chisato NagataDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
John HopperCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Graham GilesCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Vahit OzmenFaculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Mustafa Erkin AribalDepartment of Radiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Joachim SchüzSchool of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Carla H Van GilsJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Johanna O P WandersJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Reza SirousRadiology Department, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
Mehri SirousRadiology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
John HipwellCentre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK.
Jisun KimAsan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Jong Won LeeAsan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Caroline DickensDepartment of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Mikael HartmanSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.
Kee-Seng ChiaNUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Christopher ScottDepartment of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Anna M ChiarelliOntario Breast Screening Program, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Linda LintonPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Anath Arzee FlugelmanNational Cancer Control Center, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Dorria SalemWoman Imaging Unit, Radiodiagnosis Department, Kasr El Aini, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt.
Rasha KamalWoman Imaging Unit, Radiodiagnosis Department, Kasr El Aini, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt.
Valerie McCormackEnvironment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France. McCormackV@iarc.fr.
Jennifer StoneSchool of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
University of Western Australia · AUAga Khan University Hospital Nairobi · KEAsan Medical Center · KRCairo University hospitals · EGCentre International de Recherche sur le Cancer · FRCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública · ESInstituto Nacional de Salud Pública · MXMayo Clinic in Florida · USNational University of Singapore · SGPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre · CAUniversity Medical Center Utrecht · NLUniversity of Chile · CLUniversity of Southern California · USBoston University · USCancer Care Ontario · CACancer Council Victoria · AUCancer Research Malaysia · MYCarmel Medical Center · ILCity Of Hope National Medical Center · USCornell University · US
Funding
Women's Cancer ProgramP30CA015083 · NCI · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI AKHILESH PANDEY · 1985 to 2026
$151.3MThe Role of CHFR in Tumorigenesis and Paclitaxel-Sensitivity in Breast CancerP50CA116201 · NCI · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI Fergus Joseph Couch · 2005 to 2026
$49.9MMultiethnic Cohort Study of Diet and CancerR37CA054281 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA · PI KOLONEL, LAURENCE N. · 2003 to 2012
$23.2MLife Course Cancer Epidemiology Cohort in WomenU01CA176726 · NCI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY D/B/A HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI ELIASSEN, A. HEATHER, WILLETT, WALTER C. · 2018 to 2025
$22.4MLong Term Multidisciplinary Study of Cancer in Women: The Nurses Health StudyUM1CA186107 · NCI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI ELIASSEN, A. HEATHER, STAMPFER, MEIR · 2014 to 2023
$22.3MLife Course Cancer Epidemiology Cohort in WomenUM1CA176726 · NCI · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI WILLETT, WALTER C. · 2013 to 2017
$15.7MA Mayo Cohort Study of Mammographic Breast DensityR01CA097396 · NCI · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI VACHON, CELINE M · 2003 to 2007
$3.1MAutomated Density Measures for Estimating Breast Cancer Risk and Therapy ResponseR01CA177150 · NCI · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI KERLIKOWSKE, KARLA M, VACHON, CELINE M · 2013 to 2017
$3.0MRisk factors for breast cancer molecular subtypesR01CA140286 · NCI · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI KERLIKOWSKE, KARLA M, VACHON, CELINE M · 2010 to 2014
$2.6MWhole Genome Association Study of Mammographic DensityR01CA131332 · NCI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI TAMIMI, RULLA M · 2009 to 2012
$1.9MMolecular Predictors of Mammographic DensityR01CA124865 · NCI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI TAMIMI, RULLA M · 2008 to 2011
$1.2MNESTED CASE CONTROL STUDY OF MAMMOGRAPHIC DENSITYR01CA085265 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA · PI MASKARINEC, GERTRAUD · 2000 to 2002
$728kNCI NIH HHS N01 CA015083NCI NIH HHS P30 CA015083NCI NIH HHS P50 CA116201NCI NIH HHS R01 CA085265NCI NIH HHS R01 CA097396NCI NIH HHS R01 CA124865NCI NIH HHS R01 CA131332NCI NIH HHS R01 CA140286NCI NIH HHS R01 CA177150NCI NIH HHS R03 CA167771NCI NIH HHS R37 CA054281NCI NIH HHS U01 CA176726NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA176726NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA186107World Health Organization 001
Abstract
backgroundEarly age at menarche and tall stature are associated with increased breast cancer risk. We examined whether these associations were also positively associated with mammographic density, a strong marker of breast cancer risk.
methodsParticipants were 10,681 breast-cancer-free women from 22 countries in the International Consortium of Mammographic Density, each with centrally assessed mammographic density and a common set of epidemiologic data. Study periods for the 27 studies ranged from 1987 to 2014. Multi-level linear regression models estimated changes in square-root per cent density (√PD) and dense area (√DA) associated with age at menarche and adult height in pooled analyses and population-specific meta-analyses. Models were adjusted for age at mammogram, body mass index, menopausal status, hormone therapy use, mammography view and type, mammographic density assessor, parity and height/age at menarche.
resultsIn pooled analyses, later age at menarche was associated with higher per cent density (β
conclusionsIn one of the largest international studies to date, later age at menarche was positively associated with mammographic density. This is in contrast to its association with breast cancer risk, providing little evidence of mediation. Increased height was also positively associated with mammographic density, particularly dense area. These results suggest a complex relationship between growth and development, mammographic density and breast cancer risk. Future studies should evaluate the potential mediation of the breast cancer effects of taller stature through absolute breast density.
Indexed as
Breast DensityBreast NeoplasmsAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMammographyMenarchePopulation GroupsPregnancyRisk FactorsBreast cancerHeightMammographic densityMenarche
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