ReviewCNS drugs2022
The Options for Neuraxial Drug Administration.
Review in CNS drugs, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of three-dimensional printed lumbar spine-model-based training for epidural anesthesia in novice anesthesiology residents.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2026Trial
- The Prophylactic Effect of Acetaminophen and Caffeine on Post Dural Puncture Headache after Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2024Trial
- A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Anesthetic Management of Patients With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.Pediatric pulmonology · 2026Review
- Changing the route of GnRH administration according to the initial cyclic phase of the Ovsynch protocol may optimize reproductive outcomes in dairy cows.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- MRI-Based Evaluation of Lumbar Epidural Space Depth and Its Correlation with Anthropometric Factors in Saudi Adults.Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) · 2026Article
- Case report: Technical risk mitigation and management strategies of semi-implantable intrathecal drug delivery systems for advanced cancer pain: a case-based study.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Regional, multimodal, and opioid-sparing strategies after trauma: a review.Trauma surgery & acute care open · 2026Review
- Modern neuraxial labor analgesia: techniques, pharmacologic strategies, and maternal-fetal outcomes.Anesthesia and pain medicine · 2026Review
- AdipoRon as a Novel Therapeutic Agent for Depression: A Comprehensive Review of Preclinical Evidence.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Anesthetic management of a patient with a giant goiter undergoing hip arthroplasty: A case report.International journal of surgery case reports · 2025Article
- The Influence of Regional Anesthesia on the Systemic Stress Response.Reports (MDPI) · 2024Review
- Efficacy and Safety of Intrathecal Morphine for Cesarean Delivery: A Narrative Review.Current pain and headache reports · 2024Review
- Nanotherapeutics for Alleviating Anesthesia-Associated Complications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Review
- Iatrogenic Side Effects of Pain Therapies.Cureus · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neuraxial drug administration, i.e., the injection of drugs into the epidural or intrathecal space to produce anesthesia or analgesia, is a technique developed more than 120 years ago. Today, it still is widely used in daily practice in anesthesiology and in acute and chronic pain therapy. A multitude of different drugs have been introduced for neuraxial injection, only a part of which have obtained official approval for that indication. A broad understanding of the pharmacology of those agents is essential to the clinician to utilize them in a safe and efficient manner. In the present narrative review, we summarize current knowledge on neuraxial anatomy relevant to clinical practice, including pediatric anatomy. Then, we delineate the general pharmacology of neuraxial drug administration, with particular attention to specific aspects of epidural and intrathecal pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Furthermore, we describe the most common clinical indications for neuraxial drug administration, including the perioperative setting, obstetrics, and chronic pain. Then, we discuss possible neurotoxic effects of neuraxial drugs, and moreover, we detail the specific properties of the most commonly used neuraxial drugs that are relevant to clinicians who employ epidural or intrathecal drug administration, in order to ensure adequate treatment and patient safety in these techniques. Finally, we give a brief overview on new developments in neuraxial drug therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.