ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2022
Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Induced Innate Immune Responses and the Potential Application Value of Toll-Like Receptor Immunomodulators in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toll-like receptors polymorphisms and COVID-19: a systematic review.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Pooled it
- Sex-Specific Association of Toll-like Receptor 8 Polymorphisms with COVID-19 Case Status in a Korean Population.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Alterations in the Placenta Following Vaccination and Infection with SARS-CoV-2 During Pregnancy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A TRAC-478-adjuvanted recombinant N1 neuraminidase influenza virus vaccine induces balanced and broadly protective immune responses.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- COVID-19, the disease that changed the world.Medicine and pharmacy reports · 2026Review
- Cardiovascular sequelae of Long COVID: immune dysregulation inflammation as central drivers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Utility of plasma MicroRNA profiling as diagnostic biomarker in immune system activation and inflammation and early predictor of severity in patients with COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Role of the TLR signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme with an emphasis on immunotherapy.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Review
- PROS1 released by lung basal cells limits inflammation in epithelial and monocytes during SARS-CoV-2 infection.Discovery immunology · 2025Article
- Severe alcohol use and COVID-19: implications for physical and mental health.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Review
- Role of toll-like receptors in post-COVID-19 associated neurodegenerative disorders?Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 Demonstrate Distinct Plasma Cytokine and Chemokine Concentrations in vivo and TLR-Mediated Cytokine and Chemokine Production in Whole Blood in vitro.Journal of innate immunity · 2025Article
- Evaluation of intranasal TLR2/6 agonist INNA-051: safety, tolerability and proof of pharmacology.ERJ open research · 2024Article
- Variants rs3804099 and rs3804100 in theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Immune Epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Considerations for Universal Vaccine Development.ImmunoHorizons · 2024Review
- Review
- Article
- Interplay of TLR4 and SARS-CoV-2: Unveiling the Complex Mechanisms of Inflammation and Severity in COVID-19 Infections.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors that recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to activate innate immune response to clear the invading virus. However, dysregulated immune responses may elicit the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, resulting in the enhancement of immune-mediated pathology. Therefore, a proper understanding of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and TLR-induced immune responses is very important for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 components by TLRs and the downstream signaling pathways that are activated, as well as the dual role of TLRs in regulating antiviral effects and excessive inflammatory responses in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition, this article describes recent progress in the development of TLR immunomodulators including the agonists and antagonists, as vaccine adjuvants or agents used to treat hyperinflammatory responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.