ArticleFrontiers in oncology2022
Tumor Microenvironment Characterization in Breast Cancer and an Immune Cell Infiltration Score Development, Validation, and Application.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Targeting CDK4/6 potentiates the efficacy of anti-CD47 therapy via modulating the suppressive function of tumor-associated macrophages.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Article
- The Breast Tumor Immune Microenvironment of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathogenic Variant Carriers Is Enriched with Tumor-Associated Macrophages.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Association of Immune Cells, Inflammatory Cytokines, and Lung Cancer: A Mediating Mendelian Randomization Study.Mediators of inflammation · 2025Article
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) refers to the cellular environment in which tumors exist. An increasing number of reports have emphasized its role in tumor progression, prognosis, relapse, metastasis, and therapeutic response with breast cancer (BRCA). Few studies have revealed a systematic landscape of immune cell infiltration (ICI) in BRCA. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the immune cells infiltrating TME in BRCA. Three ICI patterns were identified through an unsupervised clustering method and an ICI score was developed by a principal component analysis (PCA). A Kaplan-Meier survival with log-rank test revealed a significant overall survival (OS) difference of BRCA patients with these three ICI patterns. We also found that a high ICI score was characterized by an elevated tumor mutation burden (TMB), effector T-cell infiltration, INF-γ-related cytotoxicity, and cytolytic activity score. An independent cohort validated that this ICI score could be a prognostic indicator for BRCA. Two immunotherapeutic cohorts and two chemotherapeutic cohorts confirmed that patients with higher ICI scores showed significant chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic advantages. In summary, these results suggest that the ICI patterns could act as a prognostic indicator and that the ICI score could precisely predict the clinical outcome for BRCA patients.
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