ArticleThe British journal of dermatology2022
The association between domestic hard water and eczema in adults from the UK Biobank cohort study.
Article in The British journal of dermatology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations Between Domestic Water Hardness, Genetic Risk and Severe MASLD: A Large-Scale Cohort Study.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Association between residential physical environmental exposures and multidimensional successful ageing in the UK biobank.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Association between drinking water hardness and incidence of hospitalization for childhood fracture: an ecological study of England.JBMR plus · 2026Article
- Domestic water hardness, genetic susceptibility, and risk of symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm: a cohort study of UK biobank.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Understanding worldwide skin atopy across regions. Environmental, cultural, genetic, and lifestyle factors.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Water hardness and digestive diseases: a large-scale population-based prospective cohort study.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Circulating metabolite signatures mediating the association between minerals in domestic water and incident MASLD: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- A study of the protective association of hard water on ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a cross-sectional and cohort study of 481,468 participants in the UK Biobank.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Domestic water hardness, genetic risk, and distinct phenotypes of cardiovascular disease.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Association between phthalate exposure and rash eczema disease: based on NHANES 2005-2006.Archives of dermatological research · 2025Article
- Associations of domestic hard water metrics with the risk of gout incidence and recurrence.PloS one · 2025Article
- Association of Domestic Water Hardness with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Cancers: Evidence from 447,996 UK Biobank Participants.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- Relationships of Residential Distance to Major Traffic Roads with Dementia Incidence and Brain Structure Measures: Mediation Role of Air Pollution.Health data science · 2023Article
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8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEczema is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Domestic water with high mineral content (hard water) is a risk factor for eczema in children, but this association has not been assessed in adults.
objectivesTo examine the association between domestic hard water supply and eczema prevalence and incidence in adults aged 40-69 years and the contextual effect in eczema outcomes by postcode in adults in the UK.
methodsWe used data from the UK Biobank study collected in 2006-10 (baseline) and 2013-14 (follow-up). Eczema prevalence at baseline (2006-10) and at follow-up (2013-14) and incidence (new onset between baseline and follow-up) were determined from the touchscreen questionnaires and nurse-led interviews. Domestic hard water information was obtained in 2005 and 2013 from the local water supply companies in England, Wales and Scotland as CaCO
resultsIn total, 306 531 participants with a mean age of 57 years nested across 7642 postcodes were included in the baseline analysis, and 31 036 participants nested across 3695 postcodes were included in the follow-up analysis. We observed an increase in the odds of eczema at baseline [odds ratio (OR) 1·02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·01-1·04] per 50 mg L
conclusionsIncreasing levels of domestic hard water, as measured by CaCO
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