ArticlePhysiological reports2022
Menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives influence cerebrovascular dynamics during hypercapnia.
Article in Physiological reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex comparison of cerebrovascular reactivity to COJournal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Article
- Challenging dynamic cerebral autoregulation across the physiological COExperimental physiology · 2025Article
- The effect of hypercapnia on the directional sensitivity of dynamic cerebral autoregulation and the influence of age and sex.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2024Article
- Reproducibility and diurnal variation in middle cerebral artery blood velocity in healthy humans.Experimental physiology · 2023Article
- Menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives influence cerebrovascular dynamics during hypercapnia.Physiological reports · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Women experience fluctuating orthostatic intolerance during the menstrual cycle, suggesting sex hormones may influence cerebral blood flow. Young (aged 18-30) healthy women, either taking oral contraceptives (OC; n = 14) or not taking OC (NOC; n = 12), were administered hypercapnic gas (5%) for 5 min in the low hormone (LH; placebo pill) and high hormone (HH; active pill) menstrual phases. Hemodynamic and cerebrovascular variables were continuously measured. Cerebral blood velocity changes were monitored using transcranial doppler ultrasound of the middle cerebral artery to determine cerebrovascular reactivity. Cerebral autoregulation was assessed using steady-state analysis (static cerebral autoregulation) and transfer function analysis (dynamic cerebral autoregulation; dCA). In response to hypercapnia, menstrual phase did not influence static cardiovascular or cerebrovascular responses (all p > 0.07); however, OC users had a greater increase of mean middle cerebral artery blood velocity compared to NOC (NOC-LH 12 ± 6 cm/s vs. NOC-HH 16 ± 9 cm/s; OC-LH 18 ± 5 cm/s vs. OC-HH 17 ± 11 cm/s; p = 0.048). In all women, hypercapnia improved high frequency (HF) and very low frequency (VLF) cerebral autoregulation (decreased nGain; p = 0.002 and <0.001, respectively), whereas low frequency (LF) Phase decreased in NOC-HH (p = 0.001) and OC-LH (p = 0.004). Therefore, endogenous sex hormones reduce LF dCA during hypercapnia in the HH menstrual phase. In contrast, pharmaceutical sex hormones (OC use) have no acute influence (HH menstrual phase) yet elicit a chronic attenuation of LF dCA (LH menstrual phase) during hypercapnia.
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