ArticleDyslexia (Chichester, England)2022
Parafoveal processing and transposed-letter effects in dyslexic reading.
Article in Dyslexia (Chichester, England), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Exploring the Character Transposition Effect and Locus in Chinese Word Recognition: Evidence from Left-Right Visual Field Processing in Primary School Children.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Improving Reading and Eye Movement Control in Readers with Oculomotor and Visuo-Attentional Deficits.Journal of eye movement research · 2025Article
- The Character Position Encoding of Parafoveal Semantic Previews Is Flexible in Chinese Reading.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Parafoveal Processing and Transposed-Letter Effects in Developmental Dyslexic Reading.Dyslexia (Chichester, England) · 2025Article
- Parafoveal letter identification in Russian: Confusion matrices based on error rates.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Evaluating correlations between reading ability and psychophysical measurements of dynamic visual information processing in Japanese adults.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The perceptual span in dyslexic reading and visual search.Dyslexia (Chichester, England) · 2024Article
- Revealing the Causes of Dyslexia through a Differential Diagnosis, a Short-Term Effective Treatment and an Appropriate Conceptual Framework.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Dyslexics Exhibit an Orthographic, Not a Phonological Deficit in Lexical Decision.Language, cognition and neuroscience · 2024Article
- Dyslexia Due to Visual Impairments.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Macular Anatomy Differs in Dyslexic Subjects.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Dyslexia: Causes and Concomitant Impairments.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Research on the design of panoramic virtual learning environment screen elements.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Parafoveal processing and transposed-letter effects in dyslexic reading.Dyslexia (Chichester, England) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
During parafoveal processing, skilled readers encode letter identity independently of letter position (Johnson et al., 2007). In the current experiment, we examined orthographic parafoveal processing in readers with dyslexia. Specifically, the eye movements of skilled readers and adult readers with dyslexia were recorded during a boundary paradigm experiment (Rayner, 1975). Parafoveal previews were either identical to the target word (e.g., nearly), a transposed-letter preview (e.g., enarly), or a substituted-letter preview (e.g., acarly). Dyslexic and non-dyslexic readers demonstrated orthographic parafoveal preview benefits during silent sentence reading and both reading groups encoded letter identity and letter position information parafoveally. However, dyslexic adults showed, that very early in lexical processing, during parafoveal preview, the positional information of a word's initial letters were encoded less flexibly compared to during skilled adult reading. We suggest that dyslexic readers are less able to benefit from correct letter identity information (i.e., in the letter transposition previews) due to the lack of direct mapping of orthography to phonology. The current findings demonstrate that dyslexic readers show consistent and dyslexic-specific reading difficulties in foveal and parafoveal processing during silent sentence reading.
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