ArticlePhotochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology2022
In vitro and in vivo photodynamic efficacies of novel and conventional phenothiazinium photosensitizers against multidrug-resistant Candida auris.
Article in Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Strategies to Enhance the Efficacy and Clinical Translation of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Current Perspectives of Antifungal Therapy: A Special Focus onJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Chemical composition and antifungal activity ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Review
- Candida auris, a singular emergent pathogenic yeast: its resistance and new therapeutic alternatives.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The fast-emerging and multidrug-resistant Candida auris is the first fungal pathogen to be considered a threat to global public health. Thus, there is a high unmet medical need to develop new therapeutic strategies to control this species. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a promising alternative that simultaneously targets and damages numerous microbial biomolecules. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of APDT with four phenothiazinium photosensitizers: (i) methylene blue (MB), (ii) toluidine blue (TBO), and two MB derivatives, (iii) new methylene blue (NMBN) and (iv) the pentacyclic derivative S137, against C. auris. To measure the in vitro efficacy of each PS, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and survival fraction were determined. Also, the efficiency of APDT was evaluated in vivo with the Galleria mellonella insect model for infection and treatment. Although the C. auris strain used in our study was shown to be resistant to the most-commonly used clinical antifungals, it could not withstand the damages imposed by APDT with any of the four photosensitizers. However, for the in vivo model, only APDT performed with S137 allowed survival of infected G. mellonella larvae. Our results show that structural and chemical properties of the photosensitizers play a major role on the outcomes of in vivo APDT and underscore the need to synthesize and develop novel photosensitizing molecules against multidrug-resistant microorganisms.
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