SynthesisScandinavian journal of public health2023
Social class and the risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prospective longitudinal studies.
Synthesis in Scandinavian journal of public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic review of the association between life-course socioeconomic status and late-life cognitive decline.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026Pooled it
- Identification of chemicals targeting dementia genes and pathways in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Long-Term Association of Cardiovascular Risk Burden With Dementia Risk: The Role of Life-Course Confounders in an Analysis of Cumulative and Specific Factors.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Population attributable fractions of modifiable dementia risk factors in the Netherlands: a cross-sectional, time series analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Prevention of dementia using mobile phone applications (PRODEMOS) - a health-economic cost-utility analysis in people aged 55-75 years with low socio-economic status.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Article
- Associations between socioeconomic status and adverse childhood experiences with multidimensional healthy aging: findings from ELSI-Brazil.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic status modifies the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and cognitive outcomes: results from the Collaborative PROMED-COG Pooled Cohorts Study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Contribution of accumulative affective problems across the life course towards the association of childhood socioeconomic position with later-life cognitive ageing.European journal of ageing · 2026Article
- "Brain health"-the emergence of a new healthy construct and its role in everyday life.The Gerontologist · 2026Article
- Characterizing Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia in a Hypertension Population Within the State of Florida Using Electronic Health Record-Based Data.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Power, class, and gender in dementia care: Stories of carer precariousness from culturally and linguistically diverse female family carers in Australia.Dementia (London, England) · 2026Article
- Identification of chemicals targeting dementia genes and pathways in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Timing of neurorehabilitation and subsequent Alzheimer's disease risk in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A nationwide retrospective cohort study in the United States.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- A Coach-Supported mHealth Lifestyle Intervention to Reduce Dementia Risk in Persons With Low Socioeconomic Status or a Migration Background: Qualitative Co-Design Study.Journal of participatory medicine · 2025Article
- Inequalities in the burden of disease due to dementia, including Alzheimer disease, in British Columbia, Canada, from 2001 to 2022.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2025Article
- Broadening dementia risk models: building on the 2024 Lancet Commission report for a more inclusive global framework.EBioMedicine · 2025Review
- Wealth, income and dementia in Germany: longitudinal findings from a representative survey among the oldest old.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Educational inequalities in dementia-related mortality using a multiple cause of death approach and their contribution to life expectancy differences in Spain.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Social determinants of dementia: A scoping review.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Cognitive maintenance in older adults in social classes: a secondary analysis of the longitudinal SHARE data.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe association between belonging to a disadvantaged socio-economic status or social class and health outcomes has been consistently documented during recent decades. However, a meta-analysis quantifying the association between belonging to a lower social class and the risk of dementia has yet to be performed. In the present work, we sought to summarise the results of prospective, longitudinal studies on this topic.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective, longitudinal studies measuring the association between indicators of social class and the risk of all-cause/Alzheimer's dementia. The search was conducted in four databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science and PsychInfo). Inclusion criteria for this systematic review and meta-analysis were: (a) longitudinal prospective study, (b) aged ⩾60 years at baseline, (c) issued from the general population, (d) no dementia at baseline and (e) mention of social class as exposure. Exclusion criteria were: (a) study of rare dementia types (e.g. frontotemporal dementia), (b) abstract-only papers and (c) articles without full text available. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the risk of bias in individual studies. We calculated the overall pooled relative risk of dementia for different social class indicators, both crude and adjusted for sex, age and the year of the cohort start.
resultsOut of 4548 screened abstracts, 15 were included in the final analysis (76,561 participants, mean follow-up 6.7 years (2.4-25 years), mean age at baseline 75.1 years (70.6-82.1 years), mean percentage of women 58%). Social class was operationalised as levels of education, occupational class, income level, neighbourhood disadvantage and wealth. Education (relative risk (RR)=2.48; confidence interval (CI) 1.71-3.59) and occupational class (RR=2.09; CI 1.18-3.69) but not income (RR=1.28; CI 0.81-2.04) were significantly associated with the risk of dementia in the adjusted model. Some of the limitations of this study are the inclusion of studies predominantly conducted in high-income countries and the exclusion of social mobility in our analysis.
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Registered trials
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