ArticleJournal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics2023
Association of Snacking Frequency, Size, and Energy Density with Weight Status among Preschool-Aged Children in the United States.
Article in Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Food Properties and Individual Characteristics Influence Children's Intake Across Multiple Days of Weighed Assessments in Childcare Programs.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- Experiential learning for nutrition literacy of school-aged children: a study protocol of cluster randomized controlled trial.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Associations between child eating behaviors with eating patterns and diet quality in preschool-aged children.Appetite · 2024Article
- Age-related differences in eating location, food source location, and timing of snack intake among U.S. children 1-19 years.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSnacking (ie, eating between meals) is common among US preschool-aged children, but associations with weight status are unclear.
objectiveThis research evaluated associations of snack frequency, size, and energy density as well as the percent of daily energy from snacking with weight status and sociodemographic characteristics among US children aged 2 to 5 years.
designCross-sectional analysis of 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data using two, caregiver proxy, 24-hour dietary recalls. PARTICIPANTS/
settingUS children aged 2 to 5 years (n = 3,313) with at least one snack occasion over 2 days of intake.
main outcome measuresSnacking parameters included frequency (number of occasions per day), size (kilocalories per occasion), and energy density (kilocalories per gram per occasion) as well as percent of daily energy from snacking. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Generalized linear regression models evaluated associations of snacking with child weight status (ie, normal weight and overweight/obesity), adjusting for survey weights, energy misreporting, mean meal size, and sociodemographic covariates.
resultsChildren with overweight/obesity consumed more frequent snacks (2.8 [0.06] vs 2.5 [0.03] snacks/day, respectively; P < 0.001), larger snacks (188 [4] vs 162 [23] kcal/occasion, respectively; P < 0.001), and a greater percent of daily energy from snacking (29.80% [1.00%] vs 26.09% [0.40%], respectively; P < 0.001) than children with normal weight. Mean snack frequency and size as well as percentage of daily energy from snacking varied with child age, gender, and head of household education. Associations of snacking with child race and ethnicity were less consistent.
conclusionsThese nationally representative findings provide evidence that the consumption of larger, more frequent snacks is associated with overweight/obesity among US children aged 2 to 5 years and snacking varies by sociodemographic characteristics.
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