ReviewOphthalmology and therapy2022
Digital Eye Strain- A Comprehensive Review.
Review in Ophthalmology and therapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07488208 (Crossover Comparison of Two Novel Stenfilcon A Contact Lens Designs), which is not on this map. Cited by 101 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Crossover Comparison of Two Novel Stenfilcon A Contact Lens Designs
Who cites it
101 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Biological mechanisms of atropine in myopia control (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Pooled it
- Digital screen exposure and migraine burden: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of generative artificial intelligence on students' learning motivation: evidence from a meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Research trends and hotspots of traditional Chinese medicine for asthenopia: a comprehensive visualization and bibliometric study as of 2024.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of visual fatigue based on visual display terminals.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Can Rhodiola rosea supplementation mitigate digital eye strain? A triple-blinded placebo-controlled study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Trial
- Immediate Effects of Light Mode and Dark Mode Features on Visual Fatigue in Tablet Users.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Trial
- Effects of digital screen property modification on symptoms of digital eye strain.Digital journal of ophthalmology : DJO · 2025Trial
- Article
- Eyes on Screens: Exploring the Ocular Health Consequences of Smartphone Use in Medical Students.Journal of lifestyle medicine · 2026Article
- Burnout and Associated Risk Factors a Cross-Sectional Study Among Staff of Radiology Clinics in Slovakia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Chronic Ocular Surface Pain: A Missing Member of the Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions?Drugs · 2026Review
- Mapping the NEI-VFQ-25 scores to the EQ-5D-Y-3L and CHU-9D utility values among adolescents with myopia.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Screen time, strained eyes: knowledge and attitudes toward rising screen hours and ocular health among adults aged 20-30 in sri lanka.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- The hidden cost of precision: ergonomic strain, wellness, and career longevity in otolaryngology.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Review
- Visually Induced Motion Sickness During Smartphone Use in Moving Metro Carriages: Effects of Posture and Viewing Duration-A Randomized Crossover Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association Between Electronic Device Usage, Physical Activity, and Sleep Quality Related to Cervicogenic Headache Among College Students in Saudi Arabia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Oculomotor Vergence Eye Movement Endurance in Normal Vision via Virtual Reality-Integrated Eye Tracking.Journal of eye movement research · 2026Article
- Digital Eye Strain from Digital Device Usage Among University Students: Prevalence and Associated Factors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Uptrend in esotropia incidence in the era of excessive smartphone use: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Japan, 2014-2019.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Digital eye strain (DES) is an entity encompassing visual and ocular symptoms arising due to the prolonged use of digital electronic devices. It is characterized by dry eyes, itching, foreign body sensation, watering, blurring of vision, and headache. Non-ocular symptoms associated with eye strain include stiff neck, general fatigue, headache, and backache. A variable prevalence ranging from 5 to 65% has been reported in the pre-COVID-19 era. With lockdown restrictions during the pandemic, outdoor activities were restricted for all age groups, and digital learning became the norm for almost 2 years. While the DES prevalence amongst children alone rose to 50-60%, the symptoms expanded to include recent onset esotropia and vergence abnormalities as part of the DES spectrum. New-onset myopia and increased progression of existing myopia became one of the most significant ocular health complications. Management options for DES include following correct ergonomics like reducing average daily screen time, frequent blinking, improving lighting, minimizing glare, taking regular breaks from the screen, changing focus to distance object intermittently, and following the 20-20-20 rule to reduce eye strain. Innovations in this field include high-resolution screens, inbuilt antireflective coating, matte-finished glass, edge-to-edge displays, and image smoothening graphic effects. Further explorations should focus on recommendations for digital screen optimization, novel spectacle lens technologies, and inbuilt filters to optimize visual comfort. A paradigm shift is required in our understanding of looking at DES from an etiological perspective, so that customized solutions can be explored accordingly. The aim of this review article is to understand the pathophysiology of varied manifestations, predisposing risk factors, varied management options, along with changing patterns of DES prevalence post COVID-19.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.