ArticleEMBO reports2022
IL-21 has a critical role in establishing germinal centers by amplifying early B cell proliferation.
Article in EMBO reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interferon-Mediated Regulation of Memory B Cell Identity and Function.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Siglec-G on B cells restrains the germinal center response by controlling T cell help during positive selection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Nicotine Suppresses Human Memory Th Cell Subsets With Preferential Effects on Central Memory Th Cells in an α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Dependent Manner.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle Immunoadjuvant Complexes Augment Germinal Center Responses to Vaccination.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Advances in Human and Animal Germinal Center Models In Vitro: New Approaches to Studying Immune Responses.BioMed research international · 2026Review
- Immune-inflammatory endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: from epithelial alarmins to personalized therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- LARIS enables accurate and efficient ligand and receptor interaction analysis in spatial transcriptomics.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- CD4Vaccines · 2025Article
- IgM and IgG1 B cell receptors differentially affect B cell fates and dictate the pathogenesis of mature B cell lymphomas.Science advances · 2025Article
- Germinal center immune dynamics: challenges for effective vaccination in the elderly.Immunotherapy · 2025Review
- Microbead-based synthetic niches for in vitro expansion and differentiation of human naïve B-cells.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2025Article
- Signaling Activation and Modulation in Extrafollicular B Cell Responses.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- IL-21 shapes the B cell response in a context-dependent manner.Cell reports · 2025Article
- The effects of interleukin-21 in the biology of transplant rejection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Granzyme B-producing B cells: a bidirectional relationship with breast cancer cells and implications for immunotherapy.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- Liver-draining portal lymph node responds to enteric nematode infection by generating highly parasite-specific follicular T helper and B cell responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Exploitation of Key Regulatory Modules and Genes for High-Salt Adaptation in Schizothoracine by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- The CD4 T cell-independent IgG response during persistent virus infection favors emergence of neutralization-escape variants.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Obesity-Associated Changes in Immune Cell Dynamics During Alphavirus Infection Revealed by Single Cell Transcriptomic Analysis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Recruitment of plasma cells from IL-21-dependent and IL-21-independent immune reactions to the bone marrow.Nature communications · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The proliferation and differentiation of antigen-specific B cells, including the generation of germinal centers (GC), are prerequisites for long-lasting, antibody-mediated immune protection. Affinity for antigen determines B cell recruitment, proliferation, differentiation, and competitiveness in the response, largely through determining access to T cell help. However, how T cell-derived signals contribute to these outcomes is incompletely understood. Here, we report how the signature cytokine of follicular helper T cells, IL-21, acts as a key regulator of the initial B cell response by accelerating cell cycle progression and the rate of cycle entry, increasing their contribution to the ensuing GC. This effect occurs over a wide range of initial B cell receptor affinities and correlates with elevated AKT and S6 phosphorylation. Moreover, the resultant increased proliferation can explain the IL-21-mediated promotion of plasma cell differentiation. Collectively, our data establish that IL-21 acts from the outset of a T cell-dependent immune response to increase cell cycle progression and fuel cyclic re-entry of B cells, thereby regulating the initial GC size and early plasma cell output.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.