ArticleMalaria journal2022
Comparison of cone bioassay estimates at two laboratories with different Anopheles mosquitoes for quality assurance of pyrethroid insecticide-treated nets.
Article in Malaria journal, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of mass distribution on insecticide-treated net coverage and usage in three high burden malaria provinces of Papua New Guinea.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Article
- Multimodal platform for ITN efficacy: Surface chemistry, bioavailability, and mosquito behavior.Science advances · 2026Article
- Insufficient duration of insecticidal efficacy of YaheMalaria journal · 2024Article
- Complete series method (CSM): a convenient method to reduce daily heterogeneity when evaluating the regeneration time (RT) of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs).Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Temperature, mosquito feeding status and mosquito density influence the measured bio-efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in cone assays.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Time of exposure and assessment influence the mortality induced by insecticides against metabolic resistant mosquitoes.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- A bioassay method validation framework for laboratory and semi-field tests used to evaluate vector control tools.Malaria journal · 2023Article
- Analysis of insecticides in long-lasting insecticidal nets using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and correlation with bioefficacy.Frontiers in parasitology · 2023Article
- WHO cone bioassay boards with or without holes: relevance for bioassay outcomes in long-lasting insecticidal net studies.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Coating formulation change leads to inferior performance of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Papua New Guinea.Malaria journal · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundQuality assurance (QA) of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) delivered to malaria-endemic countries is conducted by measuring physiochemical parameters, but not bioefficacy against malaria mosquitoes. This study explored utility of cone bioassays for pre-delivery QA of pyrethroid ITNs to test the assumption that cone bioassays are consistent across locations, mosquito strains, and laboratories.
methodsDouble-blinded bioassays were conducted on twenty unused pyrethroid ITNs of 4 brands (100 nets, 5 subsamples per net) that had been delivered for mass distribution in Papua New Guinea (PNG) having passed predelivery inspections. Cone bioassays were performed on the same net pieces following World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines at the PNG Institute of Medical Research (PNGIMR) using pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles farauti sensu stricto (s.s.) and at Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), Tanzania using pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles gambiae s.s. Additionally, WHO tunnel tests were conducted at IHI on ITNs that did not meet cone bioefficacy thresholds. Results from IHI and PNGIMR were compared using Spearman's Rank correlation, Bland-Altman (BA) analysis and analysis of agreement. Literature review on the use of cone bioassays for unused pyrethroid ITNs testing was conducted.
resultsIn cone bioassays, 13/20 nets (65%) at IHI and 8/20 (40%) at PNGIMR met WHO bioefficacy criteria. All nets met WHO bioefficacy criteria on combined cone/tunnel tests at IHI. Results from IHI and PNGIMR correlated on 60-min knockdown (KD60) (r
conclusionsBased on these study findings, the WHO cone bioassay is a reproducible bioassay for ITNs with > 80% M24, and for all ITNs provided inherent stochastic variation and systematic bias are accounted for. The literature review confirms that WHO cone bioassay bioefficacy criteria have been previously achieved by all pyrethroid ITNs (unwashed), without the need for additional tunnel tests. The 80% M24 threshold remains the most reliable indicator of pyrethroid ITN quality using pyrethroid susceptible mosquitoes. In the absence of alternative tests, cone bioassays could be used as part of pre-delivery QA.
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