Observational studyAIDS (London, England)2022
Racial and ethnic disparities in coronavirus disease 2019 disease incidence independent of comorbidities, among people with HIV in the United States.
Observational study in AIDS (London, England), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mpox in People With HIV: Predictors of Diagnosis, Outcomes, and Vaccine Effectiveness in a Multisite Cohort.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Trends in HIV detection, AIDS detection, and ADIS mortality in Tocantins, Brazil, 2015-2023: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among people living with HIV: Data from the Balearic cohort (EVHIA).PloS one · 2024Article
- Health disparities in COVID-19: immune and vascular changes are linked to disease severity and persist in a high-risk population in Riverside County, California.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Risk Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Severe Outcomes Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- COVID-19 among adults living with HIV: correlates of mortality among public sector healthcare users in Western Cape, South Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Article
- COVID-19 in the Immunocompromised Host, Including People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 10 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo define the incidence of clinically detected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in people with HIV (PWH) in the United States and evaluate how racial and ethnic disparities, comorbidities, and HIV-related factors contribute to risk of COVID-19.
designObservational study within the CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems cohort in seven cities during 2020.
methodsWe calculated cumulative incidence rates of COVID-19 diagnosis among PWH in routine care by key characteristics including race/ethnicity, current and lowest CD4+ cell count, and geographic area. We evaluated risk factors for COVID-19 among PWH using relative risk regression models adjusted with disease risk scores.
resultsAmong 16 056 PWH in care, of whom 44.5% were black, 12.5% were Hispanic, with a median age of 52 years (IQR 40-59), 18% had a current CD4+ cell count less than 350 cells/μl, including 7% less than 200; 95.5% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 85.6% were virologically suppressed. Overall in 2020, 649 PWH were diagnosed with COVID-19 for a rate of 4.94 cases per 100 person-years. The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 was 2.4-fold and 1.7-fold higher in Hispanic and black PWH respectively, than non-Hispanic white PWH. In adjusted analyses, factors associated with COVID-19 included female sex, Hispanic or black identity, lowest historical CD4+ cell count less than 350 cells/μl (proxy for CD4+ nadir), current low CD4+ : CD8+ ratio, diabetes, and obesity.
conclusionOur results suggest that the presence of structural racial inequities above and beyond medical comorbidities increased the risk of COVID-19 among PWH. PWH with immune exhaustion as evidenced by lowest historical CD4+ cell count or current low CD4+ : CD8+ ratio had greater risk of COVID-19.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.