ReviewJournal of neuroinflammation2022
Spatial and temporal variation of routine parameters: pitfalls in the cerebrospinal fluid analysis in central nervous system infections.
Review in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Case Commentary: Intraventricular polymyxin B-small steps, big questions.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Pathogen detection in acellular cerebrospinal fluid: diagnostic insights from a pediatric cohort in Colombia.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Observational
- Cerebrospinal fluid glucose-to-lactate ratio (CGLR) as a diagnostic biomarker for postoperative intracranial infections in patients with acute brain injury: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Cerebral small vessel disease: The impact of glymphopathy and sleep disorders.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2025Review
- Performance of routine surveillance diagnostics of external ventricular drain-associated infections in a critical care setting: a retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Increased Antibiotic Susceptibility of Gram-Positive Bacteria in Cerebrospinal Fluid Compared to Broth.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Ependymal cells: roles in central nervous system infections and therapeutic application.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Correlation of Immunomodulatory Cytokines with Tumor Volume and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Vestibular Schwannoma Patients.Cancers · 2024Article
- Rifampicin and protein concentrations in paired spinal versus ventricular cerebrospinal fluid samples of children with tuberculous meningitis.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2024Article
- New Antibiotics for the Treatment of Nosocomial Central Nervous System Infections.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Septic encephalopathy in the elderly - biomarkers of potential clinical utility.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2023Review
- The glymphatic system: a new perspective on brain diseases.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space is convoluted. CSF flow oscillates with a net flow from the ventricles towards the cerebral and spinal subarachnoid space. This flow is influenced by heartbeats, breath, head or body movements as well as the activity of the ciliated epithelium of the plexus and ventricular ependyma. The shape of the CSF space and the CSF flow preclude rapid equilibration of cells, proteins and smaller compounds between the different parts of the compartment. In this review including reinterpretation of previously published data we illustrate, how anatomical and (patho)physiological conditions can influence routine CSF analysis. Equilibration of the components of the CSF depends on the size of the molecule or particle, e.g., lactate is distributed in the CSF more homogeneously than proteins or cells. The concentrations of blood-derived compounds usually increase from the ventricles to the lumbar CSF space, whereas the concentrations of brain-derived compounds usually decrease. Under special conditions, in particular when distribution is impaired, the rostro-caudal gradient of blood-derived compounds can be reversed. In the last century, several researchers attempted to define typical CSF findings for the diagnosis of several inflammatory diseases based on routine parameters. Because of the high spatial and temporal variations, findings considered typical of certain CNS diseases often are absent in parts of or even in the entire CSF compartment. In CNS infections, identification of the pathogen by culture, antigen detection or molecular methods is essential for diagnosis.
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