ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2023
Gender Inequalities in Citations of Articles Published in High-Impact General Medical Journals: a Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Authorship and citation trends in dementia research: A path to equitable career development for scientists.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Women climate scientists are connected, productive, and successful but have shorter careers.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Gender disparities among authors of retracted publications in medical journals: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Use of ChatGPT to Explore Gender and Geographic Disparities in Scientific Peer Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- Community Cohesion, Social Support, and Mental Health among Black Individuals in Chicago: A Cross-Sectional Examination of the Effects on COVID-19 Vaccination.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Article
- Gender Differences in Citation Rate: An Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in Nephrology High-Impact Journals Over Two Decades.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2024Article
- Gender disparities among prestigious biomedical award recipients in Japan: A cross sectional study.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Lack of women physician representation in the Japanese Society of Hospital General Medicine.Journal of general and family medicine · 2024Article
- Women Are Underrepresented Among Authors of Retracted Publications: Retrospective Study of 134 Medical Journals.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Article
- Time to Publication in High-Impact General Medical Journals Differs Between Female and Male Researchers.Journal of general internal medicine · 2023Article
- How well does NamSor perform in predicting the country of origin and ethnicity of individuals based on their first and last names?PloS one · 2023Article
- Article
- Does writing style affect gender differences in the research performance of articles?: An empirical study of BERT-based textual sentiment analysis.Scientometrics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBesides the number of publications, the number of citations is another key metric often used to compare researchers with each other. While women researchers tend to have fewer publications than their men colleagues, the data is scarce for the number of citations. We aimed to determine whether there is a gender gap in citations.
methodsWe used Web of Science to retrieve the number of citations per year for all research articles and reviews published between January 2015 and December 2019 in fourteen high-impact general medical journals (impact factor > 5). We used Gender API to identify the gender of the first/last authors. We compared the results by gender using multivariable negative binomial regressions (adjusting for intra-cluster correlations within journals).
resultsThe gender of the first/last author was determined for 13,218/13,350 (99%) and 11,894/12,026 (99%) articles, respectively. The proportion of women among first/last authors was 40% and 29%, respectively. The median number of citations per year was 5 (IQR = 11.3) for women and 6.8 (IQR = 17.8) for men for first authors (IRR = 1.5 [95% CI = 1.3-1.8], p value < 0.001), and 6 (IQR = 12.4) and 7.5 (IQR = 17.4) for last authors (IRR = 1.3 [95% CI = 1.2-1.5], p value < 0.001). Articles whose first and last authors were women were the least cited and those whose first and last authors were men were the most cited.
conclusionIn this cross-sectional study, we found that articles authored by women were cited less often than those authored by men. Further studies are needed to explore the reasons for these gender differences in article citations.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.