ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2022
What Structural Racism Is (or Is Not) and How to Measure It: Clarity for Public Health and Medical Researchers.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 119 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
119 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Do Antenatal Interventions Improve Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes for Migrant Women Living in High-Income Countries and What Guidelines Exist for Migrant Women? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2025Pooled it
- Abortion stigma among abortion providers in high-income countries: a mixed methods systematic review.Sexual and reproductive health matters · 2025Pooled it
- The association between macro-level structural discrimination and alcohol outcomes: A systematic review.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Interpersonal Interactions Related to Racism in Studies Assessing Breast and Gynecological Cancer Health Outcomes Among Black Women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Pooled it
- Examining racial and ethnic differences in youth psychotherapy treatment engagement and outcomes.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · 2024Trial
- Stress grounded in experiences of racial discrimination: a cluster analysis among a racially diverse sample in Canada.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- A Multidimensional Approach to Measure Structural Racism and Its Association with Fatal and Nonfatal Community Firearm Violence at the Census Tract Level in New York City.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Racialized Heteroscedasticity in Neuroimaging Features, Behavior Measures, and Neuroimaging-Based Predictive Models.Research square · 2026Article
- Perceived Discrimination and Healthcare System Trust as Barriers to Survivorship Care in Endometrial Cancer.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- White by default: conceptual and methodological limits of binary white logic in global health equity research.Medicine, health care, and philosophy · 2026Article
- Measuring Structural Racism to Advance Health Equity: A Scoping Review of Quantitative Approaches.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- Upstream Drivers of Poor Cardiovascular Health Among Black and White Americans.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Developing an Intergenerational Model of Structural Racism Exposure among Women in Black Families in South Carolina, 1989-2020.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Developing and Validating Measures of Structural Ableism to Improve Health Outcomes for the Disability Community: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Applying mixtures methodology to analyze how exposure to structural racism and economic disadvantage affect perinatal health outcomes: an ECHO study.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Developing an Index to Measure Structural Racism: Methodological Process, Challenges, and Considerations.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Misleading Allegations and Failure to Recognize the Shifting Faces of Antisemitism: A Response to J.J. Amon.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- Structural, Institutional, and Interpersonal Racism: Calling for Equity in Autism Research and Practice.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- Considerations When Accounting for Race and Ethnicity in Studies of Poverty and Neurodevelopment.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Experiences of ethnic-racial discrimination, self-esteem, and subjective well-being in the Peruvian population.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
59 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Interest in studying structural racism's impacts on health has grown exponentially in recent years. Across these studies, there is much heterogeneity in the definition and measurement of structural racism, leading to mixed interpretations of structural racism's impact on health. A precise definition of structural racism can offer conceptual clarity to inform what mechanisms to investigate and is imperative for conducting high-quality research on it and dismantling it. In this commentary, we trace the evolution of the definitions of structural racism and suggest ways in which the measurement of structural racism should move forward given these definitions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.