SynthesisNeurosurgical review2022
Interleukin-6 as a prognostic biomarker of clinical outcomes after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Neurosurgical review, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cortical Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Exercise Training in Post-Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- The Role of GFAP in Post-Mortem Analysis of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Central Nervous System Development and Injuries: A Systematic Review.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Pooled it
- Repurposing of high-dose N-acetylcysteine as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective agent in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury patients: a randomized controlled trial.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Trial
- Systemic and cerebro-cardiac biomarkers following traumatic brain injury: an interim analysis of randomized controlled clinical trial of early administration of beta blockers.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Beyond the bone flap: integrating biomarkers, imaging, and emerging technologies in the surgical continuum of acute subdural hematoma (ASDH).Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- The Role of Cytokines in Traumatic Brain Injury.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Mapping the acute trajectory of sport-related concussion outcomes across symptoms, cognition, and blood biomarkers.Sports medicine and health science · 2026Review
- Systemic inflammation and its associations in acute moderate-severe Traumatic Brain Injury: a cross-sectional study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Inflammatory profiling for precision neurorehabilitation after traumatic brain injury and stroke: a narrative review.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Review
- Metabolic reprogramming in sepsis-associated encephalopathy: emerging mechanisms, candidate biomarkers, and future therapeutic directions.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Aggregation potency and proinflammatory effects of SARS-CoV-2 proteins.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Interleukin-6 and its association with outcome in traumatic brain injury: a prospective cohort.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- The Role of Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Rehabilitation Outcome After Traumatic Brain Injury.Cells · 2025Article
- Point of care sepsis diagnosis: Exploring microfluidic techniques for sample preparation, biomarker isolation, and detection.Biomicrofluidics · 2025Review
- Microglial depletion and repopulation differentially modulate sleep and inflammation in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury.Neurobiology of sleep and circadian rhythms · 2025Article
- Esketamine attenuates traumatic brain injury by modulating STAT3-mediated Glycolysis and immune responses.BMC neuroscience · 2025Article
- Soluble Glycoprotein 130Fc Reduces Controlled Cortical Impact-Induced Cognitive Deficits in Rats.Neurotrauma reports · 2025Article
- Traumatic brain injury and post-injury sleep fragmentation differentially alter the microglial transcriptome.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. There are currently no early biomarkers for prognosis in routine clinical use. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a potential biomarker in the context of the established role of neuroinflammation in TBI recovery. Therefore, a systematic review of the literature was performed to assess and summarise the evidence for IL-6 secretion representing a useful biomarker for clinical outcomes. A multi-database literature search between January 1946 and July 2021 was performed. Studies were included if they reported adult TBI patients with IL-6 concentration in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or brain parenchyma analysed with respect to functional outcome and/or mortality. A synthesis without meta-analysis is reported. Fifteen studies were included, reporting 699 patients. Most patients were male (71.7%), and the pooled mean age was 40.8 years; 78.1% sustained severe TBI. Eleven studies reported IL-6 levels in serum, six in CSF and one in the parenchyma. Five studies on serum demonstrated higher IL-6 concentrations were associated with poorer outcomes, and five showed no signification association. In CSF studies, one found higher IL-6 levels were associated with poorer outcomes, one found them to predict better outcomes and three found no association. Greater parenchymal IL-6 was associated with better outcomes. Despite some inconsistency in findings, it appears that exaggerated IL-6 secretion predicts poor outcomes after TBI. Future efforts require standardisation of IL-6 measurement practices as well as assessment of the importance of IL-6 concentration dynamics with respect to clinical outcomes, ideally within large prospective studies. Prospero registration number: CRD42021271200.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.