Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35790334›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2022

Associations between WASH-related violence and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls and young women in South Africa (HPTN 068): a cross-sectional analysis.

Ruvani T Jayaweera, Dana Goin, Rhian Twine, Torsten B Neilands, Ryan G Wagner, Sheri A Lippman, Kathleen Kahn, Audrey Pettifor, Jennifer Ahern

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01233531 (Effects of Cash Transfer for the Prevention of HIV in Young South African Women), which is not on this map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01233531 phase3completednot on this map

Effects of Cash Transfer for the Prevention of HIV in Young South African Women

TypeinterventionalSponsorHIV Prevention Trials NetworkRan2011 to 2015Enrolled2,537ConditionsHIVArmsmonthly cash transfer payments for attending school, B--No cash transfers
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Interacting Water Insecurity and Food Insecurity: Recent Advances in Theory and Application.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025
    Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Ruvani T JayaweeraIbis Reproductive Health, Oakland, California, USA rjayaweera@ibisreproductivehealth.org.ORCID 0000-0003-0609-9892
Dana GoinProgram on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Rhian TwineMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Torsten B NeilandsDepartment of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Ryan G WagnerMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Sheri A LippmanMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Kathleen KahnMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Audrey PettiforMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Jennifer AhernDivision of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.

Funding

LOC: HIV Prevention Trials NetworkUM1AI068619 · NIAID · FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL · PI Sinead Delany-Moretlwe, RAPHAEL J LANDOVITZ · 2011 to 2026
$779.5M
SDMC: HPTN 084 Pregnancy SupplementUM1AI068617 · NIAID · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI Elizabeth Renata Brown, Deborah J Donnell · 2011 to 2026
$204.9M
LC: HIV Prevention Trials Network - Laboratory Support for the SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Study (CoVPN 5002)UM1AI068613 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI SUSAN H ESHLEMAN, Mark A Marzinke · 2011 to 2026
$100.2M
Ujima Mentoring ProgramP30MH062246 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI MALLORY O JOHNSON · 2001 to 2026
$57.4M
Research Services CoreP2CHD050924 · NICHD · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI KAREN B GUZZO · 2015 to 2026
$9.6M
Multilevel Mechanisms of HIV Acquisition in Young South African WomenR01MH110186 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI PETTIFOR, AUDREY · 2016 to 2020
$3.4M
Effects of Cash Transfer and Community Mobilization in Young South African WomenR01MH087118 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI PETTIFOR, AUDREY · 2009 to 2013
$2.5M
NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI068613NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI068617NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI068619NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD050924NIMH NIH HHS P30 MH062246NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH087118NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH110186Wellcome Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThere is a lack of research on experiences of WASH-related violence. This study aims to quantify the association between experience or worry of violence when using the toilet or collecting water and depressive symptoms among a cohort of young women in South Africa.

methodsData are from visit 3 of the HPTN 068 cohort of adolescent girls in rural Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Participants (n=1798) included in this analysis were aged 13-21 at baseline. Lifetime experience of violence or fear of violence when using the toilet and collecting water was collected by self-report; depressive symptoms in the past week were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We used G-computation to calculate the prevalence difference (PD) and prevalence ratio of depression (CES-D score >15) associated with each domain of violence, controlling for baseline covariates.

findingsA total of 15.1% of respondents reported experiencing violence when using the toilet; 17.1% reported experiencing violence when collecting water and 26.7% reported depression. In adjusted models, those who reported experiencing violence when using the toilet had an 18.1% higher prevalence of depression (95% CI: 11.6% to 24.4%) than those who did not experience violence when using the toilet. Adjusted prevalence of depression was also higher among those who reported violence when collecting water (PD 11.9%, 95% CI: 6.7% to 17.2%), and who worried about violence when using the toilet (PD 12.8%, 95% CI: 7.9% to 19.8%), as compared with those who did not report these experiences. Worrying about violence when collecting water was not associated with depression after adjusting for covariates.

conclusionExperience of WASH-related violence is common among young women in rural South Africa, and experience or worry of experiencing violence is associated with higher prevalence of depressive symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01233531; Post-results.

Indexed as

Activities of Daily LivingDepressionViolenceAdolescentCross-Sectional StudiesFearFemaleHumansHygienePrevalenceRural PopulationSanitationSouth AfricaToilet FacilitiesWaterWater SupplyWatercommunity child healthdepression & mood disordersepidemiologymental healthpublic health

Identifiers

PMID35790334
PMCPMC9258484

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.