ArticlePM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation2022
Race, ethnicity, and utilization of outpatient rehabilitation for treatment of post COVID-19 condition.
Article in PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective evidence.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2025Pooled it
- Considerations of race and ethnicity within rehabilitation studies for post COVID-19 condition: A scoping review.PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Evidence synthesis of health policy and systems research in rehabilitation: a protocol for Cochrane overviews of systematic reviews on delivery, governance, financial arrangements, and implementation strategies.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2025Article
- Mitochondrial metabolic rescue in post-COVID-19 syndrome: MR spectroscopy insights and precision nutritional therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Reporting of pre-existing multiple long-term conditions in physical rehabilitation for long COVID: a scoping review.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2024Article
- An Exploratory Analysis of Sociodemographic Factors Associated With Physical Functional Impairment in ICU Survivors.Critical care explorations · 2024Article
- Building and Sustaining Organizational Capacity for the Rehabilitation Profession to Support Long COVID Care.Cardiopulmonary physical therapy journal · 2024Article
- Exercise Interventions in the Management of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: A Scoping Review.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2024Article
- Addressing Rehabilitation Health Care Disparities During the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic and Beyond.Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America · 2023Review
- COVID-19 symptom load as a risk factor for chronic pain: A national cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2023Article
- QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 HOSPITALIZATION AND REHABILITATION NEEDS.Journal of rehabilitation medicine. Clinical communications · 2023Article
- Race, ethnicity, and utilization of outpatient rehabilitation for treatment of post COVID-19 condition.PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation · 2022Article
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4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionOutpatient rehabilitation is recommended in the treatment of post coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition. Although racial and ethnic disparities in the incidence and severity of COVID-19 have been well documented, little is known about the use of outpatient rehabilitation among patients with post COVID-19 condition.
objectiveTo examine factors associated with outpatient rehabilitation use following COVID-19 and to ascertain whether differential incidence of sequelae explain variation in post COVID-19 rehabilitation utilization by race and ethnicity.
designCase-control study.
settingCommunity.
participantsU.S. adults with COVID-19 during 2020 in the TriNetX database.
interventionN/A.
main outcome measuresReceipt of outpatient rehabilitation services within 6 months of COVID-19 diagnosis and incidence of post COVID-19 condition symptoms (weakness, fatigue, pain, cognitive impairment, mobility difficulties, and dyspnea).
resultsFrom 406,630 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, we identified 8724 individuals who received outpatient rehabilitation and matched 28,719 controls. Of rehabilitation users, 43.3% were 40 years old or younger, 54.8% were female, 58.2% were White, 17.9% were African American/Black, 2.1% were Asian, 13.0% were Hispanic, 39.2% had no comorbidities, and 40.3% had been hospitalized for COVID-19. Dyspnea (20.4%), fatigue (12.4%), and weakness (8.2%) were the most frequently identified symptoms. Although there were no racial differences in the incidence of the six post COVID-19 condition symptoms considered, African American/Black individuals were significantly less likely than their White counterparts to receive outpatient rehabilitation (odds ratio [OR] = 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84-0.96; p = .003). Hispanic individuals had higher outpatient rehabilitation utilization (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.11-1.33; p < .001) and a significantly higher incidence of post COVID-19 fatigue.
conclusionsIn this large nationally representative study, African American/Black race was associated with lower utilization of outpatient rehabilitation services despite a similar incidence of post COVID-19 condition symptoms. Further research is needed to better understand access barriers to rehabilitation services for post COVID-19 condition recovery care and address racial inequalities in receipt of care.
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