Whole-genome survey and phylogenetic analysis of Gadus macrocephalus.

Gadus macrocephalus (Pacific cod) is an economically important species on the northern coast of the Pacific. Although numerous studies on G. macrocephalus exist, there are few reports on its genomic data. Here, we used whole-genome sequencing data to elucidate the genomic characteristics and phylogenetic relationship of G. macrocephalus. From the 19-mer frequency distribution, the genome size was estimated to be 658.22 Mb. The heterozygosity, repetitive sequence content and GC content were approximately 0.62%, 27.50% and 44.73%, respectively. The draft genome sequences were initially assembled, yielding a total of 500,760 scaffolds (N50 = 3565 bp). A total of 789,860 microsatellite motifs were identified from the genomic data, and dinucleotide repeat was the most dominant simple sequence repeat motif. As a byproduct of whole-genome sequencing, the mitochondrial genome was assembled to investigate the evolutionary relationships between G. macrocephalus and its relatives. On the basis of 13 protein-coding gene sequences of the mitochondrial genome of Gadidae species, the maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree showed that complicated relationships and divergence times among Gadidae species. Demographic history analysis revealed changes in the G. macrocephalus population during the Pleistocene by using the pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent model. These findings supplement the genomic data of G. macrocephalus, and make a valuable contribution to the whole-genome studies on G. macrocephalus.