ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2022
Human Borna disease virus 1 encephalitis shows marked pro-inflammatory biomarker and tissue immunoactivation during the course of disease.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long-Term Survival of Borna Disease Virus 1 (BoDV-1)-Encephalitis: An Exceptional Case with Valuable Insights for Pathophysiology and Disease Management.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Multimodal profiling of immune responses reveals innate-adaptive immune imbalance in human bornavirus encephalitis.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- First therapeutic drug monitoring of experimental favipiravir in Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis patients reveals significant gaps in antiviral treatment: a pilot investigation.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Is vaccination a feasible public health strategy against fatal Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis? An epidemiological perspective.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Structural insights into the dynamic mechanism of bornavirus polymerase.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Nerve growth factor: what can surgeons and oncologists learn from a neurological and psychological biomarker?Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Review
- Article
- Comparative study of virus and lymphocyte distribution with clinical data suggests early high dose immunosuppression as potential key factor for the therapy of patients with BoDV-1 infection.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Long-term Elevation of Complement Factors in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Borna Disease Virus 1 Encephalitis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Developing a universal multi-epitope protein vaccine candidate for enhanced borna virus pandemic preparedness.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Viral infections in etiology of mental disorders: a broad analysis of cytokine profile similarities - a narrative review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Article
- BoDV-1 Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pediatric reports · 2023Review
- Construction and experimental validation of a macrophage cell senescence-related gene signature to evaluate the prognosis, immunotherapeutic sensitivity, and chemotherapy response in bladder cancer.Functional & integrative genomics · 2023Article
- Article
- IFN-γ-Based ELISpot as a New Tool to Detect Human Infections with Borna Disease Virus 1 (BoDV-1): A Pilot Study.Viruses · 2023Article
- Article
- Case report: Fatal Borna virus encephalitis manifesting with basal brain and brainstem symptoms.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Effect of IL-10 Deficiency on TGFβ Expression during Fatal Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis in C57Bl/6 Mice.Viruses · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis is a severe emerging disease with a very high case-fatality rate. While the clinical disease, case definitions, diagnostic algorithms and neuropathology have been described, very little is known about the immunological processes of human BoDV-1 encephalitis. Here, we analyzed serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 10 patients with fatal BoDV-1 encephalitis for changes of different cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and other biomarkers over time. From one of these individuals, also autoptic formalin-fixed brain tissue was analyzed for the expression of inflammatory biomarkers by mRNA levels and immunostaining; in a further patient, only formalin-fixed brain tissue was available and examined in addition. A marked and increasing immune activation from the initial phase to the last phase of acute BoDV-1 encephalitis is shown in serum and CSF, characterized by cytokine concentration changes (IFNγ, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-13, IL-18, TGF-β1) with a predominantly pro-inflammatory pattern over time. IFNγ production was demonstrated in endothelial cells, astrocytes and microglia, IL-6 in activated microglia, and TGF-β1 in endothelial cells, activated astrocytes and microglia. This was paralleled by an increase of chemokines (CCL-2, CCL-5, CXCL-10, IL-8) to attract immune cells to the site of infection, contributing to inflammation and tissue damage. Pathologically low growth factor levels (BDNF, β-NGF, PDGF) were seen. Changed levels of arginase and sTREM further fostered the pro-inflammatory state. This dysbalanced, pro-inflammatory state likely contributes importantly to the fatal outcome of human BoDV-1 encephalitis, and might be a key target for possible treatment attempts.
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