ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2022
Historical representations of social groups across 200 years of word embeddings from Google Books.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Natural language reveals that political partisans are more affectively aligned over political issues than partisan identities.Communications psychology · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence Is Stereotypically Linked More with Socially Dominant Groups in Natural Language.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Network models reveal high-dimensional social inferences in naturalistic settings beyond latent construct models.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Associations between structural stigma and earlier pubertal timing persist for 1 year among Black girls and Latinx youth.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Explicitly unbiased large language models still form biased associations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Language style (mis)matching: Consuming entertainment media from someone unlike you is linked to positive attitudes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Pathogen stress heightens sensorimotor dimensions in the human collective semantic space.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Quantifying the influence of vocational education and training with text embedding and similarity-based networks.PloS one · 2025Article
- Theoretical foundations and limits of word embeddings: What types of meaning can they capture?Sociological methods & research · 2024Article
- Directionality and representativeness are differentiable components of stereotypes in large language models.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Stereotypes bias social class perception from faces: The roles of race, gender, affect, and attractiveness.Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006) · 2024Article
- Historical trends in teacher personality from human language.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- GPT is an effective tool for multilingual psychological text analysis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Americans harbor much less favorable explicit sentiments toward young adults than toward older adults.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Article
- Mechanisms upholding the persistence of stigma across 100 years of historical text.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Extracting intersectional stereotypes from embeddings: Developing and validating the Flexible Intersectional Stereotype Extraction procedure.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Enhancing local governments' environmental attention through open government data: evidence from China.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2024Article
- Online images amplify gender bias.Nature · 2024Article
- Word embedding for social sciences: an interdisciplinary survey.PeerJ. Computer science · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Using word embeddings from 850 billion words in English-language Google Books, we provide an extensive analysis of historical change and stability in social group representations (stereotypes) across a long timeframe (from 1800 to 1999), for a large number of social group targets (Black, White, Asian, Irish, Hispanic, Native American, Man, Woman, Old, Young, Fat, Thin, Rich, Poor), and their emergent, bottom-up associations with 14,000 words and a subset of 600 traits. The results provide a nuanced picture of change and persistence in stereotypes across 200 y. Change was observed in the top-associated words and traits: Whether analyzing the top 10 or 50 associates, at least 50% of top associates changed across successive decades. Despite this changing content of top-associated words, the average valence (positivity/negativity) of these top stereotypes was generally persistent. Ultimately, through advances in the availability of historical word embeddings, this study offers a comprehensive characterization of both change and persistence in social group representations as revealed through books of the English-speaking world from 1800 to 1999.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.