ArticleEClinicalMedicine2022
Small mobile conditional cash transfers (mCCTs) of different amounts, schedules and design to improve routine childhood immunization coverage and timeliness of children aged 0-23 months in Pakistan: An open label multi-arm randomized controlled trial.
Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03355989 (Testing the Effect of Mobile Conditional Cash Transfers), which is not on this map. Cited by 12 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Testing the Effect of Mobile Conditional Cash Transfers (mCCTs) of Different Schedules and Amounts on Routine Childhood Immunization Coverage and Timeliness in Pakistan: A Randomized Control Trial.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of measles vaccination strategies on vaccination rates in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2025Pooled it
- SMS-based interventions for improving child and adolescent vaccine coverage and timeliness: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Right-sizing Incentives.Journal of development economics · 2026Article
- Improving human papillomavirus vaccine uptake in low- and middle-income countries: a narrative review of implementation and education strategies.BMC global and public health · 2026Review
- Incentives in immunisation campaigns in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review mapping evidence on effectiveness and unintended consequences.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Financial incentives for family members of hospitalized neonates for improving family presence.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Article
- Social Signaling and Childhood Immunization: A Field Experiment in Sierra Leone.The quarterly journal of economics · 2024Article
- Mobile Phone Text Message Reminders to Improve Vaccination Uptake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Development and feasibility testing of an artificially intelligent chatbot to answer immunization-related queries of caregivers in Pakistan: A mixed-methods study.International journal of medical informatics · 2024Article
- Differential coverage for vaccines in the expanded program on immunization (EPI) among children in rural Pakistan.Vaccine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Cost-effective demand-side interventions are needed to increase childhood immunization. Multiple studies find tying income support programs (≥USD 50 per year) to immunization raises coverage. Research on maximizing impact from small mobile-based conditional cash transfers (mCCTs) (≤USD 15 per fully immunized child) delivered in lower-income settings remains sparse. Methods: Participants in Karachi, Pakistan, were individually randomized into a seven arm, factorial open label study with five mCCT arms, one reminder (SMS) only arm, and one control arm. The mCCT arms varied by amount (high ∼USD 15 per fully immunized child versus low ∼USD 5 per fully immunized child), schedule (flat versus rising payments over the schedule), design (certain versus lottery payments), and payment method (airtime or mobile money). Children were enrolled at BCG, pentavalent-1 (penta-1) or pentavalent-2 (penta-2) vaccination and followed until at least 18 months of age. A serosurvey in 15% sub-sample validated reported study coverage. The full immunization coverage (FIC) at 12 months (primary outcome) was analyzed using logit regression. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03355989), 3ie registry (58f6ee7725fc1), and AEA RCT Registry (AEARCTR-0001953). Findings: Between November 6, 2017, and October 10, 2018, a total of 11,197 caregiver-child pairs were enrolled, with 1598-1600 caregiver-child pairs per arm. FIC at 12 months was statistically significantly higher for any mCCT versus SMS (OR:1.18, 95% CI: 1.05-1.33; Interpretation: Small mCCTs (USD 0.8-2.4 per immunization visit) can increase FIC at 12 months and up-to-date coverage at 18 months at USD 23 per additional fully immunized child, in resource-constrained settings like Pakistan. Design details (certainty, schedule and delivery method of mCCTs) matter as much as the size of payments. Funding: Global Innovation Fund, GiveWell.
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Registered trials
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