ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
A Vicious Cycle: In Severe and Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Stress-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) as a blood biomarker and brain risk factor for PTSD.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Risks of Stroke and Transient Cerebral Ischemia up to 4 Years Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Large Diverse Urban Population in the Bronx.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Bridging worlds: a narrative review of IL-17 at the crossroads of inflammation and thrombosis.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Review
- When viral myocarditis meets thrombosis tendency: deep analysis of a complex case report.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- The use of CytoSorb hemoadsorption in critically ill patients: a narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Nucleotide metabolic abnormalities in post-COVID-19 condition and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and their association with endocrine dysfunction.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2025Article
- Impacts of Inflammatory Cytokines Variants on Systemic Inflammatory Profile and COVID-19 Severity.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2024Article
- High frequencies of alpha common cold coronavirus/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive functional CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Bacterial Proteases as Potentially Exploitable Modulators of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Logic from the Literature, Informatics, and Inspiration from the Dog.Biotech (Basel (Switzerland)) · 2023Article
- Endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: an overview of evidence, biomarkers, mechanisms and potential therapies.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2023Review
- Glucocorticoid-Responsive Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) and Its Inhibitor Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1): Relevance in Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Effects of the circulating environment of COVID-19 on platelet and neutrophil behavior.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Add fuel to the fire: Inflammation and immune response in lung cancer combined with COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Clinical and Prognostic Significance of Baseline Serum Vitamin D Levels in Hospitalized Egyptian Covid-19 Patients.International journal of general medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, is one of the fastest-evolving viral diseases that has instigated a worldwide pandemic. Severe inflammatory syndrome and venous thrombosis are commonly noted in COVID-19 patients with severe and critical illness, contributing to the poor prognosis. Interleukin (IL)-6, a major complex inflammatory cytokine, is an independent factor in predicting the severity of COVID-19 disease in patients. IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α participate in COVID-19-induced cytokine storm, causing endothelial cell damage and upregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels. In addition, IL-6 and PAI-1 form a vicious cycle of inflammation and thrombosis, which may contribute to the poor prognosis of patients with severe COVID-19. Targeted inhibition of IL-6 and PAI-1 signal transduction appears to improve treatment outcomes in severely and critically ill COVID-19 patients suffering from cytokine storms and venous thrombosis. Motivated by studies highlighting the relationship between inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis in viral immunology, we provide an overview of the immunothrombosis and immunoinflammation vicious loop between IL-6 and PAI-1. Our goal is that understanding this ferocious circle will benefit critically ill patients with COVID-19 worldwide.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.