Trial reportJournal of clinical psychology2023
Within- and between-patients associations between self-efficacy, outcome expectation, and symptom change in cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder.
Trial report in Journal of clinical psychology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03079336 (Design Development in Randomized Clinical Trials - Psychological Treatment in Generalized Anxiety), which is not on this map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Design Development in Randomized Clinical Trials - Psychological Treatment in Generalized Anxiety
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Within- and between-patients associations between self-efficacy, outcome expectation, and symptom change in cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder.Journal of clinical psychology · 2023Trial
- Barriers and Facilitators of Psychosocial Treatment Participation for Youth With Depression and Anxiety: A Scoping Review.Clinical child psychology and psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- Mapping love: a personality-centered network analysis of relationship satisfaction.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThere is limited information on how a change in patients' expectations over time results in symptom change in psychotherapy. This study aimed to investigate the changes in patients' expectations and symptoms during treatment and across follow-up as well as to determine the within- and between-patient relationships between two types of patient expectations, that is, self-efficacy and outcome expectation, and symptom change.
methodsParticipants (80 participants × 6 repeated measures; 480 observations) with generalized anxiety disorder were treated using cognitive behavioral therapy and the within- and between-patient scores of self-efficacy and outcome expectation were evaluated in multilevel models as predictors of symptom change.
resultsPatients' self-efficacy and outcome expectation increased, whereas severity of their symptoms reduced during and after treatment. At the within-patient (WP) level, an increase in self-efficacy was associated with a decrease in worry and depressive symptoms, and an increase in outcome expectation was associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms. The between-patient (BP) effect, however, was contrary to the WP effect, that is, self-efficacy was positively correlated with worry and outcome expectation was positively correlated with depressive symptoms
conclusionThese results highlight the importance of disaggregating the WP variability from BP variability in psychotherapy process-outcome research as they exhibit different associations at the within- and between-patient levels. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT03079336).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.