ArticleThe journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice2022
Timing of Cow's Milk Protein Introduction and Childhood Adverse Reactions to Cow's Milk.
Article in The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early-Life Allergen Exposure and Its Influence on Risk of Atopic Disease.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2025Review
- Predicting Tolerance to Cow's Milk Allergy in Children Using IgE and IgG4 Peptide Binding Profiles.Cells · 2025Article
- Associations between dietary fibers and gut microbiome composition in the EDIA longitudinal infant cohort.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Article
- Consumption of cow's milk formula in the nursery and the development of milk allergy.Clinical and translational allergy · 2024Article
- Pearls and Pitfalls of Weaning an Infant with Severe Atopic Dermatitis and Sensitization/Allergy to Food.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCurrent guidelines emphasize early introduction to potentially allergenic foods, but the optimal timing, amount, and exposure routes for foods other than peanut are not well-established. Cow's milk is often the first allergenic food introduced through infant formulas.
objectiveTo examine timing of cow's milk protein introduction (CMPI), including interaction with formula supplementation after delivery, in relation to reported cow's milk adverse reactions throughout childhood.
methodsAmong children in the Boston, Mass-area Project Viva cohort, we assessed timing of CMPI (<2 weeks, 2 weeks-<6 months, ≥6 months) with questionnaires administered in infancy. Outcomes were (1) parent-reported cow's milk adverse reactions via annual questionnaires from age 2 to 13 years (n = 1298) and (2) milk sensitization (n = 505) and IgE-mediated milk allergy (n = 491) at age approximately 8 years. We used multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for parental atopy history, delivery mode, gestational age at delivery, child race, and census tract median household income, and investigated effect modification by ever/never breast-fed status and formula supplementation in the delivery hospital.
resultsA total of 32% were introduced to cow's milk protein at age less than 2 weeks, 38% at age 2 weeks to less than 6 months, and 30% at age 6 months or more. Compared with children with CMPI at age less than 2 weeks, children with CMPI at age 6 months or more had a higher risk of cow's milk adverse reaction at age 2 to 5 years (odds ratio, 2.4 [1.2-4.7]). Children given formula after delivery + CMPI at age less than 2 weeks had the lowest risk overall. Among children not given formula after delivery, CMPI at age 2 weeks to 6 months appeared most protective. Results were similar among ever-breast-fed children. Timing of CMPI was not associated with milk sensitization or IgE-mediated milk allergy in mid-childhood.
conclusionsEarly, consistent cow's milk exposure appears protective against adverse reactions to cow's milk.
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