ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2022
On the importance of parenting in externalizing disorders: an evaluation of indirect genetic effects in families.
Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- Disentangling direct and indirect genetic pathways to neurodevelopmental risk: brain structure and behavior in a population-based parent-offspring trio study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- The contribution of common and rare genetic variation to emotional and behavioural symptoms in childhood and adolescence.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Indirect genetic effects of siblings.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Multivariate maternal effects across the internalizing-externalizing spectrum in childhood: results from the Norwegian mother, father, and child cohort study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Direct and Indirect Genetic Effects on Child ADHD Traits in Early and Mid-Childhood: Trio Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analyses in a Large Norwegian Birth Registry Cohort.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Understanding bidirectional and transactional relations in parent and offspring mental health: Using COVID-19 pandemic data to gain insights.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- The dynamic interplay between mental health difficulties and the family environment in early adolescence.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Gene-Environment Interplay Beyond Interactions: Psychosocial Environments Mediate Genetic Effects Underlying Externalizing-Behavior Trajectories.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Intra-familial dynamics of mental distress during the Covid-19 lockdown.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- The nature of the relation between mental well-being and ill-being.Nature human behaviour · 2025Review
- Genetic nurture effects in depressive and anxiety disorders and symptoms, and in related traits.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Direct and indirect genetic effects on early neurodevelopmental traits.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Article
- Using twin-pairs to assess potential bias in polygenic prediction of externalising behaviours across development.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Research Review: A review of the past decade of family and genomic studies on adolescent mental health.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Review
- Intergenerational transmission of polygenic predisposition for neuropsychiatric traits on emotional and behavioural difficulties in childhood.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Genetic Nurture Effects on Type 2 Diabetes Among Chinese Han Adults: A Family-Based Design.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Parental education and children's depression, anxiety, and ADHD traits, a within-family study in MoBa.NPJ science of learning · 2024Article
- Pilot study of relationship between prenatal stress during the COVID-19 pandemic and social-emotional development of 12-month-old children: the mediation effects of home environment.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- Intergenerational transmission of genetic risk for hyperactivity and inattention. Direct genetic transmission or genetic nurture?JCPP advances · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTheoretical models of the development of childhood externalizing disorders emphasize the role of parents. Empirical studies have not been able to identify specific aspects of parental behaviors explaining a considerable proportion of the observed individual differences in externalizing problems. The problem is complicated by the contribution of genetic factors to externalizing problems, as parents provide both genes and environments to their children. We studied the joint contributions of direct genetic effects of children and the indirect genetic effects of parents through the environment on externalizing problems.
methodsThe study used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data from 9,675 parent-offspring trios participating in the Norwegian Mother Father and child cohort study. Based on genomic relatedness matrices, we estimated the contribution of direct genetic effects and indirect maternal and paternal genetic effects on ADHD, conduct and disruptive behaviors at 8 years of age.
resultsModels including indirect parental genetic effects were preferred for the ADHD symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity, and conduct problems, but not oppositional defiant behaviors. Direct genetic effects accounted for 11% to 24% of the variance, whereas indirect parental genetic effects accounted for 0% to 16% in ADHD symptoms and conduct problems. The correlation between direct and indirect genetic effects, or gene-environment correlations, decreased the variance with 16% and 13% for conduct and inattention problems, and increased the variance with 6% for hyperactivity problems.
conclusionsThis study provides empirical support to the notion that parents have a significant role in the development of childhood externalizing behaviors. The parental contribution to decrease in variation of inattention and conduct problems by gene-environment correlations would limit the number of children reaching clinical ranges in symptoms. Not accounting for indirect parental genetic effects can lead to both positive and negative bias when identifying genetic variants for childhood externalizing behaviors.
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