ArticleScientific reports2022
Coloured filters can simulate colour deficiency in normal vision but cannot compensate for congenital colour vision deficiency.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Not So Pretty in Pink: Computational Modelling of Cricket Ball Visibility with Colour Vision Deficiency.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Effects of Notch Filters in Correcting Color Vision Deficiency: A Quantitative Clinical Trial.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impact of ChromaGen lenses on colour vision test performance of individuals with congenital colour vision deficiency.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Effect of congenital color vision deficiency on the ability of optometrists to correctly identify lesions in ocular fundus photographs.PloS one · 2025Article
- The Effect of Tinted Filters on the Visual Function of Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa.Journal of ophthalmic & vision research · 2025Article
- The prevalence of red-green color vision deficiency and its related factors in an elderly population above 60 years of age.International journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Red-green colour vision deficiency (CVD) affects ~ 4% of Caucasians. Notch filters exist to simulate CVD when worn by colour vision normal (CVN) observers (simulation tools), or to improve colour discrimination when worn by CVD observers (compensation tools). The current study assesses effects of simulation (Variantor) and compensation (EnChroma) filters on performance in a variety of tasks. Experiments were conducted on 20 CVN and 16 CVD participants under no-filter and filter conditions (5 CVN used Variantor; 15 CVN and 16 CVD used EnChroma). Participants were tested on Ishihara and Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue tests, CVA-UMinho colour discrimination and colour naming tasks and a board-game colour-sorting task. Repeated-measures ANOVAs found Variantor filters to significantly worsen CVN performance, mimicking protanopia. Mixed-model and repeated-measures ANOVAs demonstrate that EnChroma filters do not significantly enhance performance in CVD observers. Key EnChroma results were replicated in 8 CVD children (Ishihara test) and a sub-sample of 6 CVD adults (CVA-UMinho colour discrimination and colour naming tasks) for a smaller stimulus size. Pattern similarity exists across hue for discrimination thresholds and naming errors. Variantor filters are effective at mimicking congenital colour vision defects in CVN observers for all tasks, however EnChroma filters do not significantly compensate for CVD in any.
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