Individual Tree Crown Segmentation and Crown Width Extraction From a Heightmap Derived From Aerial Laser Scanning Data Using a Deep Learning Framework.

Deriving individual tree crown (ITC) information from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data is of great significance to forest resource assessment and smart management. After proof-of-concept studies, advanced deep learning methods have been shown to have high efficiency and accuracy in remote sensing data analysis and geoscience problem solving. This study proposes a novel concept for synergetic use of the YOLO-v4 deep learning network based on heightmaps directly generated from airborne LiDAR data for ITC segmentation and a computer graphics algorithm for refinement of the segmentation results involving overlapping tree crowns. This concept overcomes the limitations experienced by existing ITC segmentation methods that use aerial photographs to obtain texture and crown appearance information and commonly encounter interference due to heterogeneous solar illumination intensities or interlacing branches and leaves. Three generative adversarial networks (WGAN, CycleGAN, and SinGAN) were employed to generate synthetic images. These images were coupled with manually labeled training samples to train the network. Three forest plots, namely, a tree nursery, forest landscape and mixed tree plantation, were used to verify the effectiveness of our approach. The results showed that the overall recall of our method for detecting ITCs in the three forest plot types reached 83.6%, with an overall precision of 81.4%. Compared with reference field measurement data, the coefficient of determination