ArticlePloS one2022
Racial variations of adverse perinatal outcomes: A population-based retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systems Factors Contributing to Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Maternal Health: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Pooled it
- Interventions to Address Disparities in Perinatal Outcomes by Ethnicity: A Systematic Review.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Pooled it
- First-Trimester Screening Program for the Risk of Pre-eclampsia Using a Multiple-Marker Algorithm: A Health Technology Assessment.Ontario health technology assessment series · 2023Pooled it
- Maternal and neonatal health in Canada's Black communities: A scoping review of epidemiologic studies.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2026Article
- Associations between maternal race, socioeconomic status and shoulder dystocia: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Ontario Canada.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Voting Restrictions and Increased Odds of Adverse Birth Outcomes in the US.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Pediatric Morbidity Among Black Haitians in Canada: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Precarious perinatal care: experiences of incarcerated individuals in Ontario, Canada.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Fecundability in Association With Everyday and Lifetime Discrimination.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes Among Middle Eastern or North African Infants and Mothers in Quebec, Canada, 2008-2020.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) · 2025Article
- Pregnancy Complications and Long-Term Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionRacial differences in adverse maternal and birth outcomes have been studied in other countries, however, there are few studies specific to the Canadian population. In this study, we sought to examine the inequities in adverse perinatal outcomes between Black and White pregnant people in Ontario, Canada.
methodsWe conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study that included all Black and White pregnant people who attended prenatal screening and had a singleton birth in any Ontario hospital (April 1st, 2012-March 31st, 2019). Poisson regression with robust error variance models were used to estimate the adjusted relative risks of adverse perinatal outcomes for Black people compared with White people while adjusting for covariates.
resultsAmong 412,120 eligible pregnant people, 10.1% were Black people and 89.9% were White people. Black people were at an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, placental abruption, preterm birth (<37, <34, <32 weeks), spontaneous preterm birth, all caesarean sections, emergency caesarean section, low birth weight (<2500g, <1500g), small-for-gestational-age (<10th percentile, <3rd percentile) neonates, 5-minute Apgar score <4 and <7, neonatal intensive care unit admission, and hyperbilirubinemia requiring treatment but had lower risks of elective caesarean section, assisted vaginal delivery, episiotomy, 3rd and 4th degree perineal tears, macrosomia, large-for-gestational-age neonates, and arterial cord pH≤7.1, as compared with White people. No difference in risks of gestational hypertension and placenta previa were observed between Black and White people.
conclusionThere are differences in several adverse perinatal outcomes between Black and White people within the Ontario health care system. Findings might have potential clinical and health policy implications, although more studies are needed to further understand the mechanisms.
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