ArticleEvolution, medicine, and public health2022
Tradeoffs in milk immunity affect infant infectious disease risk.
Article in Evolution, medicine, and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breastfeeding in term and preterm infants with and without growth restriction: A 50-year analysis of incidence and duration.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and objectives: The human immune system has evolved to balance protection against infection with control of immune-mediated damage and tolerance of commensal microbes. Such tradeoffs between protection and harm almost certainly extend to the immune system of milk. Methodology: Among breastfeeding mother-infant dyads in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, we characterized Results: Among infants, risk for respiratory infections declined with increasing milk Conclusions and implications: These findings demonstrate a tradeoff in milk immune activity: the benefits of appropriate proinflammatory activity come at the hazard of misdirected proinflammatory activity. This tradeoff is likely to affect infant health in complex ways, depending on prevailing infectious disease conditions. How mother-infant dyads optimize proinflammatory milk immune activity should be a central question in future ecological-evolutionary studies of the immune system of milk.
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