ArticleInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2022
Late-onset opportunistic infections while receiving anti-retroviral therapy in Latin America: burden and risk factors.
Article in International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative Effectiveness of Switching to Bictegravir From Dolutegravir-, Efavirenz-, or Raltegravir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy Among Individuals With HIV Who are Virologically Suppressed.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- The Caribbean, Central and South America Network for HIV Epidemiology: 20 Years of HIV Research in the Region.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Article
- Predictors of opportunistic infections among people living with HIV: a prospective cohort study from a tertiary care setting in India.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Research priorities for advanced HIV disease in Latin America and the Caribbean region: a modified Delphi study.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Article
- Simulating rabies post-exposure prophylaxis among patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection using a six-dose Essen regimen administrated with human diploid cell vaccine: A single-arm pilot study in Chinese population.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Trends in Mortality Among People With HIV in Mexico: Analysis of National Death Registries (1998-2022).Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- A competing risk analysis of predictors of time to lost to follow-up among adults with TB/HIV coinfection in Bahir Dar.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Detection of HIV-1 Antibodies in Saliva of Persons Living With HIV Using Blood-Based First Response HIV 1-2.O Card Test.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Opportunistic Infections in Treatment-Naive HIV Patients in a Secondary Care Center.Cureus · 2024Article
- Predictive models-assisted diagnosis of AIDS-associated Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in the emergency room, based on clinical, laboratory, and radiological data.Scientific reports · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 7 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThe aim of this study was to describe the incidence, clinical characteristics, and risk factors of late-onset opportunistic infections (LOI) in people who live with HIV (PWLHA) within the Caribbean, Central and South America network for HIV epidemiology.
methodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study including treatment-naive PWLHA enrolled at seven sites (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Mexico, and two sites in Honduras). Follow-up began at 6 months after treatment started. Outcomes were LOI, loss to follow-up, and death. We used a Cox proportional hazards model and a competing risks model to evaluate risk factors.
resultsA total of 10,583 patients were included. Median follow up was at 5.4 years. LOI occurred in 895 (8.4%) patients. Median time to opportunistic infection was 2.1 years. The most common infections were tuberculosis (39%), esophageal candidiasis (10%), and Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) pneumonia (10%). Death occurred in 576 (5.4%) patients, and 3021 (28.5%) patients were lost to follow-up. A protease inhibitor-based regimen (hazard ratio 1.25), AIDS-defining events during the first 6 months of antiretroviral-treatment (hazard ratio 2.12), starting antiretroviral-treatment in earlier years (hazard ratio 1.52 for 2005 vs 2010), and treatment switch (hazard ratio 1.31) were associated with a higher risk of LOI.
conclusionLOI occurred in nearly one in 10 patients. People with risk factors could benefit from closer follow-up.
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