ArticleScience advances2022
Profiling of mature-stage human breast milk cells identifies six unique lactocyte subpopulations.
Article in Science advances, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dysregulated Efferocytosis and Immune Microenvironment in High Somatic Cell Count Dairy Cows.Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition · 2026Article
- Article
- Accessing the DNA in Breast Tissue: Adhesive Cell Capture from Flow onto Fibers of Cellulose Papers.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Article
- F-NEO-BRIGHT: feasibility and safety of intranasal fresh breast milk in neonatal encephalopathy.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Methods for Preserving Human Milk Cellular and Milk Fat Globule RNA.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2026Article
- Characterizing Human Milk RNA Degradation Over Time to Optimize Storage of Human Milk for RNA Quality.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2026Article
- Functional shifts in immune composition follow lactation stage in human milk.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Impact of lactation stage, maternal age, and parity on mammary epithelial cell populations in fresh milk.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Parity Influences the Immune Profile of Human Milk via Increased T Lymphocyte Content.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Article
- Little women: the relevance and reliance on mouse models for mammary gland research and next steps for translation.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2025Review
- Breast milk stem cells integrate into cellular remodeling and functional differentiation in the ischemic brain.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A single-cell transcriptomic study of milk cells from dairy cows with divergent lactation performance.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Maternal fish oil supplementation enhances nutrient transport in the placenta and milk biosynthesis in the mammary gland via the GPR120 signaling pathway.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- Integrated 'omics analysis reveals human milk oligosaccharide biosynthesis programs in human lactocytes.iScience · 2025Article
- Genomic characterization of normal and aberrant human milk production.Science advances · 2025Article
- Defining breast epithelial cell types in the single-cell era.Developmental cell · 2025Review
- Human milk extracellular vesicles modulate inflammation and cell survival in intestinal and immune cells.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Volumetric printed biomimetic scaffolds support in vitro lactation of human milk-derived mammary epithelial cells.Science advances · 2025Article
- Challenges and Opportunities in Quantifying Bioactive Compounds in Human Breastmilk.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Differences in immune cells and gene expression in human milk by parity on integrated scRNA sequencing.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Breast milk is chock-full of nutrients, immunological factors, and cells that aid infant development. Maternal cells are the least studied breast milk component, and their unique properties are difficult to identify using traditional techniques. Here, we characterized the cells in mature-stage breast milk from healthy donors at the protein, gene, and transcriptome levels. Holistic analysis of flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and single-cell RNA sequencing data identified the predominant cell population as epithelial with smaller populations of macrophages and T cells. Two percent of epithelial cells expressed four stem cell markers: SOX2, TRA-1-60, NANOG, and SSEA4. Furthermore, milk contained six distinct epithelial lactocyte subpopulations, including three previously unidentified subpopulations programmed toward mucosal defense and intestinal development. Pseudotime analysis delineated the differentiation pathways of epithelial progenitors. Together, these data define healthy human maternal breast milk cells and provide a basis for their application in maternal and infant medicine.
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