ArticleRheumatology (Oxford, England)2023
Outcomes of children born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus exposed to hydroxychloroquine or azathioprine.
Article in Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reproductive outcomes following hydroxychloroquine use for autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2016Pooled it
- Nationwide Temporal Trends in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Treatments in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pregnancy Over Two Decades in Sweden.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy: a comprehensive clinical review of maternal, fetal, and treatment considerations.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2026Review
- Article
- A clinical care pathway for managing pregnancy in patients with inflammatory arthritis.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Review
- Hydroxychloroquine therapy for women with both recurrent pregnancy loss and autoimmune disease: association with pregnancy outcomes and maternal-fetal complications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Breast and Nipple Dermatoses During Lactation.The Australasian journal of dermatology · 2025Review
- Hydroxychloroquine in lupus or rheumatoid arthritis pregnancy and risk of major congenital malformations: a population-based cohort study.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Hydroxychloroquine as an Adjunct Therapy for Diabetes in Pregnancy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Pregnancies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus during 2000-2018 in Finland: a case-control study.Rheumatology international · 2024Article
- Exposure to medication for neurological disease in pregnancy - time to consider the long-term implications?EClinicalMedicine · 2023Review
- The Potential Benefit of Hydroxychloroquine in Chronic Placental Inflammation of Unknown Etiology Associated with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- In utero azathioprine exposure and increased utilization of special educational services in children born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus.Arthritis care & research · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 11 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesHCQ and AZA are used to control disease activity and reduce risk of flare during pregnancy in patients with SLE. The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes of children born to mothers with SLE exposed to HCQ or AZA during pregnancy and breast-feeding.
methodsWomen attending UK specialist lupus clinics with children ≤17 years old, born after SLE diagnosis, were recruited to this retrospective study. Data were collected using questionnaires and from clinical record review. Factors associated with the outcomes of low birth weight and childhood infection were determined using multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression models.
resultsWe analysed 284 live births of 199 mothers from 10 UK centres. The first pregnancies of 73.9% of mothers (147/199) were captured in the study; (60.4%) (150/248) and 31.1% (87/280) children were exposed to HCQ and AZA, respectively. There were no significant differences in the frequency of congenital malformations or intrauterine growth restriction between children exposed or not to HCQ or AZA. AZA use was increased in women with a history of hypertension or renal disease. Although AZA was associated with low birth weight in univariate models, there was no significant association in multivariable models. In adjusted models, exposure to AZA was associated with increased reports of childhood infection requiring hospital management [odds ratio 2.283 (1.003, 5.198), P = 0.049].
conclusionsThere were no significant negative outcomes in children exposed to HCQ in pregnancy. AZA use was associated with increased reporting of childhood infection, which warrants further study.
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