ArticlemBio2022
Interactions of Bacterial Toxin CNF1 and Host JAK1/2 Driven by Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Enhance Macrophage Polarization.
Article in mBio, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- cGAS-STING pathway modulation: A new hope for neural regeneration.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Genome-wide association study reveals loci associated with cytokine levels in chicken serum.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Toll-like receptors in innate immunity and inflammation: from fundamental biology to clinic insights.Immunity & inflammation · 2026Review
- Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of biofilm-producing avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates from Algerian poultry: associations between antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes.Veterinary research communications · 2025Article
- Emerging regulatory mechanisms and functions of biomolecular condensates: implications for therapeutic targets.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- An Overview of Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation and Its Mechanisms in Sepsis.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Identification of Biomarkers Related to Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation for Ulcerative Colitis Based on Single-Cell and Bulk RNA Transcriptome Sequencing Data.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2025Article
- Machine learning predictor PSPire screens for phase-separating proteins lacking intrinsically disordered regions.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a global public health concern, which is mainly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) is a key UPEC toxin and regulates multiple host cellular processes through activating the Rho GTPases; however, the effect of CNF1 on macrophage polarization remains unknown. Here, we found that CNF1 promoted M1 macrophage polarization through regulating NF-κB and JAK-STAT1 signaling pathways in kidney at an early stage of acute UTIs. Notably, we identified CNF1 could directly interact with JAK1/2 through its domain without Rho GTPases activation, which induced JAK1/2 phosphorylation, subsequent STAT1 activation and M1 polarization. Moreover, CNF1 exhibited liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to induce a CNF1-JAK1/2 complex, promoting macrophage reprogramming. These findings highlight the LLPS-dependent and Rho GTPase-independent effect of CNF1 as an adaptor on interfering with host cell signals.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.