ArticleSociological science2021
Leapfrogging the Melting Pot? European Immigrants' Intergenerational Mobility across the Twentieth Century.
Article in Sociological science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does immigrant health advantage at older ages endure beyond the first generation?The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Cross-Era Gender Differences in Educational Attainment Among Second-Generation Immigrants.The International migration review · 2025Article
- Social Mobility Across the Pacific: An Analysis of Japanese Americans in the Continental United States.Demography · 2024Article
- Using administrative records to support the linkage of census data: protocol for building a longitudinal infrastructure of U.S. census records.International journal of population data science · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
During the early twentieth century, industrial-era European immigrants entered the United States with lower levels of education than the U.S. average. However, empirical research has yielded unclear and inconsistent evidence about the extent and pace of their integration, leaving openings for arguments that contest the narrative that these groups experienced rapid integration and instead assert that educational deficits among lower-status groups persisted across multiple generations. Here, we advance another argument, that European immigrants may have "leapfrogged" or exceeded U.S.-born non-Hispanic white attainment by the third generation. To assess these ideas, we reconstituted three-generation families by linking individuals across the 1940 Census, years 1973, 1979, 1981-90 of the Current Population Survey, the 2000 Census, and years 2001-2017 of the American Community Survey. Results show that most European immigrant groups not only caught up with U.S.-born whites by the second generation, but surpassed them, and this advantage further increased in the third generation. This research provides a new understanding of the time to integration for 20
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.