ArticleNature communications2022
Long COVID burden and risk factors in 10 UK longitudinal studies and electronic health records.
Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05736939 (Gender Differences in the Recovery Rate Following a Hybrid Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programme in Patients With Long COVID-19 Syndrome), which is not on this map. Cited by 318 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
318citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
66.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Gender Differences in the Recovery Rate Following a Hybrid Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programme in Patients With Long COVID-19 Syndrome
Who cites it
318 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 549 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long-Term Pulmonary Function and Radiologic Abnormalities Up to 3 Years After COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Korean journal of radiology · 2026Pooled it
- Understanding how social determinants of health shape Long COVID outcomes: a rapid review of evidence.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Long COVID and endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC women's health · 2025Pooled it
- Risk of long covid in patients with pre-existing chronic respiratory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Pooled it
- The prolonged health sequelae "of the COVID-19 pandemic" in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Work ability and return-to-work of patients with post-COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety After COVID-19 Despite Systematic Telemedical Care: Results From the Prospective COVID-SMART Study.Depression and anxiety · 2025Trial
- Effects of a symptom-titrated exercise program on fatigue and quality of life in people with post-COVID condition - a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Brief Outpatient Rehabilitation Program for Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Association between psychological wellbeing and the COVID-19-related outcomes in Europeans aged ≥ 50 years old: The SHARE study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Risk factors of post-COVID-19 symptoms, a cross-sectional study in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2026Article
- Limited observed efficacy of olfactory training in severe long-term post-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective cohort study.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Longitudinal observation of persistent Long COVID symptoms and health-related quality of life in an adult German cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Multi-organ structural and functional deficits in association with long COVID: a population-based case-control study.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- The Burden of Long-COVID-19 Among Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Persistent impairments in muscle function and symptom burden in post-COVID syndrome: a prospective longitudinal study.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Observational
- An externally validated machine learning algorithm for predicting mental and physical health outcomes three months post-hospitalization for severe viral infection with SARS-CoV-2.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Translational insights into Long-COVID: evaluation of preclinical animal models along the lung-brain-immune axis with focus on Golden Syrian Hamsters.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Symptom burden, lung function, exercise tolerance and inflammation in patients post COVID-19: results from the prospective COVID-19 Chronic Morbidity (CCHROMO) study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
258 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
32 authors at 13 institutions in 3 countries.
Ellen J Thompson *Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK. ellen.thompson@kcl.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0003-2118-821X
Dylan M Williams *MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK. dylan.williams@ucl.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0002-3825-2487
Alex J Walker *Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxfort, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-4932-6135
Ruth E MitchellMRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-3506-160X
Claire L NiedzwiedzInstitute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-6133-4168
Tiffany C YangBradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK.
Charlotte F HugginsCentre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Alex S F KwongMRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-1953-2771
Richard J SilverwoodCentre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-2744-1194
Giorgio Di GessaDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-6154-1845
Ruth C E BowyerDepartment of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-6941-8160
Kate NorthstonePopulation Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Bo HouBradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK.
Michael J GreenMRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-3193-2452
Brian DodgeonCentre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
Katie J DooresSchool of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-5507-1725
Emma L DuncanDepartment of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-8143-4403
Frances M K WilliamsDepartment of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-2998-2744
OpenSAFELY Collaborative
Andrew SteptoeDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-7808-4943
David J PorteousCentre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-1249-6106
Rosemary R C McEachanBradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK.
Laurie TomlinsonElectronic Health Records Research Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-8848-9493
Ben GoldacreBennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxfort, UK.
Praveetha PatalayMRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK.
George B PloubidisCentre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
Srinivasa Vittal KatikireddiMRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-6593-9092
Kate TillingMRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-1010-8926
Christopher T RentschElectronic Health Records Research Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-1408-7907
Nicholas J TimpsonMRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-7141-9189
Nishi ChaturvediMRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-6211-2775
Claire J StevesDepartment of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK. claire.j.steves@kcl.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0002-4910-0489
University of Oxford · GBLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine · GBUniversity of Bristol · GBKing's College London · GBEdinburgh Cancer Research · GBUniversity College London · GBBradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust · GBMRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit · GBWPP (United Kingdom) · GBGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust · GBKarolinska Institutet · SEMRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing · GBUniversity of Glasgow · GB
Funding
British Heart Foundation CS/16/4/32482Cancer Research UK C18281/A29019Chief Scientist Office CZD/16/6Chief Scientist Office SCAF/15/02Chief Scientist Office SPHSU17Department of Health COV-LT-0009Department of Health NIHR200166Medical Research Council G9815508Medical Research Council MC_PC_15018Medical Research Council MC_PC_19009Medical Research Council MC_PC_20030Medical Research Council MC_PC_20051Medical Research Council MC_PC_20058Medical Research Council MC_PC_20059Medical Research Council MC_UU_00011/1Medical Research Council MC_UU_00011/3Medical Research Council MC_UU_00019/1Medical Research Council MC_UU_00019/2Medical Research Council MC_UU_00022/2Medical Research Council MR/N024397/1Medical Research Council MR/P023444/1Medical Research Council MR/R024774/1Medical Research Council MR/V015737/Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 104036/Z/14/ZWellcome Trust 202802/Z/16/ZWellcome Trust 204813/Z/16/ZWellcome Trust 216767/Z/19/ZWellcome Trust 217065/Z/19/ZWellcome Trust 221574/Z/20/ZWellcome Trust WT101597MAWellcome Trust WT212904/Z/18/Z
Abstract
The frequency of, and risk factors for, long COVID are unclear among community-based individuals with a history of COVID-19. To elucidate the burden and possible causes of long COVID in the community, we coordinated analyses of survey data from 6907 individuals with self-reported COVID-19 from 10 UK longitudinal study (LS) samples and 1.1 million individuals with COVID-19 diagnostic codes in electronic healthcare records (EHR) collected by spring 2021. Proportions of presumed COVID-19 cases in LS reporting any symptoms for 12+ weeks ranged from 7.8% and 17% (with 1.2 to 4.8% reporting debilitating symptoms). Increasing age, female sex, white ethnicity, poor pre-pandemic general and mental health, overweight/obesity, and asthma were associated with prolonged symptoms in both LS and EHR data, but findings for other factors, such as cardio-metabolic parameters, were inconclusive.
Indexed as
COVID-19Electronic Health RecordsFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesPost-Acute COVID-19 SyndromeRisk FactorsSurveys and QuestionnairesUnited Kingdom
Identifiers
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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
NCT05736939ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.