ArticleNeurology2022
The Role of Optical Coherence Tomography Criteria and Machine Learning in Multiple Sclerosis and Optic Neuritis Diagnosis.
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In one paragraph
Article in Neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
7.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- AI-assisted diagnosis of neuro-ophthalmic disorders: a systematic review from optic neuritis to papilledema.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Current Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Neuro-Ophthalmic Imaging: A Narrative Approach.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Machine learning based model for the detection of multiple sclerosis from OCT-derived macular and optic disc retinal biomarkers.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- Article
- [Neurodegeneration and retinal changes-A literature overview].Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie · 2025Review
- Semi-Supervised Learning for Predicting Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- Multiple sclerosis diagnosis and its differential diagnosis in patients presenting with type four 'mirror pattern' CSF oligoclonal bands.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Integrating large language models in care, research, and education in multiple sclerosis management.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2024Review
- Imaging the optic nerve with optical coherence tomography.Eye (London, England) · 2024Review
- SLO-Net: Enhancing Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis Beyond Optical Coherence Tomography Using Infrared Reflectance Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Images.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Article
- [Retinal OCT biomarkers and neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system beyond Alzheimer's disease].Die Ophthalmologie · 2024Review
- Review
- Inner Retinal Layer Changes Reflect Changes in Ambulation Score in Patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Where's the Vision? The Importance of Visual Outcomes in Neurologic Disorders: The 2021 H. Houston Merritt Lecture.Neurology · 2023Review
- Article
- Prior optic neuritis detection on peripapillary ring scans using deep learning.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2022Article
- Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning: Challenges and Opportunities.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Deep Learning and The Retina: A New Frontier in Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis.Current health sciences journalReview
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Authors and funding
32 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Rachel C KenneyFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0003-1311-5520
Mengling LiuFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0001-9758-8522
Lisena HasanajFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Binu JosephFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Abdullah Abu Al-HassanFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Lisanne J BalkFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Raed BehbehaniFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Alexander BrandtFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0002-9768-014X
Peter A CalabresiFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0002-7776-6472
Elliot FrohmanFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Teresa C FrohmanFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Joachim HavlaFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0002-4386-1340
Bernhard HemmerFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0001-5985-6784
Hong JiangFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Benjamin KnierFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0003-4187-9472
Thomas KornFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0002-3633-0955
Letizia LeocaniFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Elena Hernandez Martinez-LapiscinaFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0003-4272-0826
Athina PapadopoulouFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0002-0367-1008
Friedemann PaulFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Axel PetzoldFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0002-0344-9749
Marco PisaFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0001-9409-6864
Pablo VillosladaFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0002-8735-6119
Hanna ZimmermannFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Lorna E ThorpeFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Hiroshi IshikawaFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Joel S SchumanFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0002-8885-3766
Gadi WollsteinFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Yu ChenFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Shiv SaidhaFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
Steven GalettaFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.ORCID 0000-0003-3781-7324
Laura J BalcerFrom the Departments of Neurology (R.C.K., L.H., B.J., S.G., L.J. Balcer) and Population Health (R.C.K., M.L., L.E.T., Y.C., L.J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center (A.A.A.-H., R.B.), Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Mulier Institute (L.J. Balk), Centre for Research on Sports in Society, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (A.B., A. Papadopoulou, F.P., H.Z.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University of California, Irvine; Department of Neurology (P.A.C., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (E.F., T.C.F.), of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München; Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium (DIFUTURE) (J.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Department of Neurology (B.H., B.K., T.K.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H., T.K.), Germany; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (H.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Vita-Salute University & Hospital San Raffaele (L.L., M.P.), Milano, Italy; Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L., P.V.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (A. Papadopoulou), MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RCN2NB) Basel, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (F.P., H.Z.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Moorfields Eye Hospital (Axel Petzold), London; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A. Petzold), Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Oregon Health and Science University (H.I.), Portland; Department of Ophthalmology (J.S.S., G.W., S.G., Laura J. Balcer), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.S.S.), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn; Center for Neural Science (J.S.S.), New York University; and Neuroscience Institute (J.S.S.), NYU Langone Health. Dr. Kenney is currently at the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN. laura.balcer@nyulangone.org.
Ibn Sina Hospital · KW
Funding
Novel Glaucoma Diagnostics for Structure and Function - Renewal - 1R01EY013178 · NEI · WILLS EYE HEALTH SYSTEM · PI Joel S Schuman · 2000 to 2026
$17.5MImaging Neurodegeneration in Multiple SclerosisR01NS082347 · NINDS · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI PETER A CALABRESI, Shiv Saidha · 2013 to 2026
$7.0MNEI NIH HHS R01 EY013178NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS082347
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesRecent studies have suggested that intereye differences (IEDs) in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) or ganglion cell + inner plexiform (GCIPL) thickness by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) may identify people with a history of unilateral optic neuritis (ON). However, this requires further validation. Machine learning classification may be useful for validating thresholds for OCT IEDs and for examining added utility for visual function tests, such as low-contrast letter acuity (LCLA), in the diagnosis of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and for unilateral ON history.
methodsParticipants were from 11 sites within the International Multiple Sclerosis Visual System consortium. pRNFL and GCIPL thicknesses were measured using SD-OCT. A composite score combining OCT and visual measures was compared individual measurements to determine the best model to distinguish PwMS from controls. These methods were also used to distinguish those with a history of ON among PwMS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed on a training data set (2/3 of cohort) and then applied to a testing data set (1/3 of cohort). Support vector machine (SVM) analysis was used to assess whether machine learning models improved diagnostic capability of OCT.
resultsAmong 1,568 PwMS and 552 controls, variable selection models identified GCIPL IED, average GCIPL thickness (both eyes), and binocular 2.5% LCLA as most important for classifying PwMS vs controls. This composite score performed best, with area under the curve (AUC) = 0.89 (95% CI 0.85-0.93), sensitivity = 81%, and specificity = 80%. The composite score ROC curve performed better than any of the individual measures from the model ( DISCUSSION: A composite score combining visual structure and function improved the capacity of SD-OCT to distinguish PwMS from controls. GCIPL IED best distinguished those with a history of unilateral ON. SVM performed as well as standard statistical models for these classifications. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that SD-OCT accurately distinguishes multiple sclerosis from normal controls as compared with clinical criteria.
Indexed as
Multiple SclerosisOptic NeuritisHumansMachine LearningNerve FibersRetinal Ganglion CellsTomography, Optical Coherence
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