ArticleMicrobiology spectrum2022
Decreased Passive Immunity to Respiratory Viruses through Human Milk during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Article in Microbiology spectrum, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of common respiratory viruses of infants with respiratory tract infections in European countries in the past decade: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing between the pre-COVID-19, pandemic, and post-COVID-19 periods.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Immunomodulatory Role of Milk on Gut Microbiota: Implications for Enhancing Oral Vaccine Efficacy.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Seasonal epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with respiratory syncytial virus infection by age during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Article
- Distinct seasonality and increased respiratory failure in RSV patients < 2 years of age after emergence of SARS-CoV-2: data from the multicentric, prospective PAPI study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Observational
- Impact of maternal COVID-19 infection on offspring immunity and maternal-fetal outcomes at different pregnancy stages: a cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Observational
- Exploring the respiratory viral landscape beyond influenza and SARS-CoV-2: a 2020-2023 study in Fujian, China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Polyfunctionality and breadth of HIV-1 antibodies are associated with delayed disease progression.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Antibodies in breast milk: Pro-bodies designed for healthy newborn development.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- Impact of COVID-19 Nonpharmaceutical Interventions onOpen forum infectious diseases · 2024Review
- A panel of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins for the characterization of antibody responses using antibodies with diverse recognition and neutralization patterns.Virus research · 2024Article
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Old Challenges and New Approaches.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
- 2021/22 and 2022/23 Post-Pandemic Bronchiolitis Seasons in Two Major Italian Cities: A Prospective Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Molecular mechanisms of human coronavirus NL63 infection and replication.Virus research · 2023Review
- Article
- Common cold.Frontiers in allergy · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Infants may develop severe viral respiratory tract infections because their immune system is still developing in the first months after birth. Human milk provides passive humoral immunity during the first months of life. During the COVID-19 pandemic, circulation of common respiratory viruses was virtually absent due to the preventative measures resulting in reduced maternal exposure. Therefore, we hypothesized that this might result in lower antibody levels in human milk during the pandemic and, subsequently, decreased protection of infants against viral respiratory tract infections. We assessed antibody levels against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Influenza virus, and several seasonal coronaviruses in different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic in serum and human milk using a Luminex assay. IgG levels against RSV, Influenza, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-NL63 in human milk were reduced with a factor of 1.7 (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.