ReviewNPJ Parkinson's disease2022
Empirical evidence for biometal dysregulation in Parkinson's disease from a systematic review and Bradford Hill analysis.
Review in NPJ Parkinson's disease, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring and Targeting the Connection of Iron and Copper Homeostasis to Neurodegenerative Diseases.MedComm · 2026Review
- Some Properties of theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Parkinson-like wild-type superoxide dismutase 1 pathology induces nigral dopamine neuron degeneration in a novel murine model.Acta neuropathologica · 2025Article
- Gut microbiota bridges the iron homeostasis and host health.Science China. Life sciences · 2023Review
- Inhibition of Protein Aggregation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as a Targeted Therapy for α-Synucleinopathy.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The Bradford Hill model evaluates the causal inference of one variable on another by assessing whether evidence of the suspected causal variable aligns with a set of nine criteria proposed by Bradford Hill, each representing fundamental tenets of a causal relationship. The aim of this study was to use the Bradford Hill model of causation to assess the level of empirical evidence supporting our hypotheses that alterations to iron and copper levels, and iron- and copper-associated proteins and genes, contribute to Parkinson's disease etiology. We conducted a systematic review of all available articles published to September 2019 in four online databases. 8437 articles matching search criteria were screened for pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. 181 studies met study criteria and were subsequently evaluated for study quality using established quality assessment tools. Studies meeting criteria for moderate to high quality of study design (n = 155) were analyzed according to the Bradford Hill model of causation. Evidence from studies considered of high quality (n = 73) supported a causal role for iron dysregulation in Parkinson's disease. A causal role for copper dysregulation in Parkinson's disease was also supported by high quality studies, although substantially fewer studies investigated copper in this disorder (n = 25) compared with iron. The available evidence supports an etiological role for iron and copper dysregulation in Parkinson's disease, substantiating current clinical trials of therapeutic interventions targeting alterations in brain levels of these metals in Parkinson's disease.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.