ArticleMethods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)2022
Methods of Bacterial Membrane Vesicle Production, Purification, Quantification, and Examination of Their Immunogenic Functions.
Article in Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- From gatekeepers to mitochondrial mischief: how bacterial outer membrane proteins crash the host cell party.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Review
- Deciphering the immunomodulatory cross-talk: Bacterial extracellular vesicles in gut homeostasis.Virulence · 2025Review
- Recent advances in understanding the role of extracellular vesicles from probiotics in intestinal immunity signaling.Biochemical Society transactions · 2025Review
- Antigen 43 associated withMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- BACTERIAL EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES IN THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND HOST-MICROBE INTERACTIONS.Shock (Augusta, Ga.) · 2024Review
- Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
- Dose Determination and Administration of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles for In Vivo Preclinical Studies.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Methods for Studying Fusion of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles with Intact Bacteria and Host Cells.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- On-Demand Vaccine Production via Dock-and-Display of Biotinylated Antigens on Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) released by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria are a bona fide secretion system that enable the dissemination of bacterial effector molecules, and can trigger a range of responses in the host. The study of BMV production, composition, and functions can give insights into their roles in mediating bacterial survival, pathogenesis, and disease. Furthermore, BMVs can be harnessed to develop cutting-edge nano-therapeutics including targeted chemotherapy delivery, antimicrobials, and novel vaccines. Here we describe routine methods that can be used for small- or large-scale production, isolation, and purification of outer membrane vesicles produced by Gram-negative bacteria, and membrane vesicles produced by Gram-positive bacteria, which we collectively refer to as BMVs. We discuss methods that can be used to visualize BMVs by electron microscopy, and to quantify their DNA, RNA, and protein cargo. We outline a method for the fluorescent labeling of BMVs that can be applied to examine their ability to interact with and enter host cells using a range of in vitro and in vivo biological assays. Finally, we provide a cell culture-based method that can be used to examine a range of immunogenic properties of BMVs, including their cytotoxicity, ability to activate pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs), induce autophagy and cytokine responses, and modulate cellular pathways.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.