ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Relapses of Anti-NMDAR, Anti-GABABR and Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of immunotherapy and prognosis in anti-LGI1 encephalitis patients: A meta-analysis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Movement disorders in cell surface antibody mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Ofatumumab Therapy and Long-Term Seizure Outcomes of Patients With Relapsing Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Fifteen years of autoimmune encephalitis in Denmark: incidence, epidemiology, and trends in treatment.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- A predictive nomogram for relapse risk in children with autoimmune encephalitis.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Article
- The Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis: Current, Future Therapies, Unmet Need and Patient Management.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Article
- Case Report: Sequential FcRn blockade and B-cell depletion for treatment-refractory relapsing autoimmune encephalitis: a three-patient case series.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Risk factors for poor response to initial first-line immunotherapy and subsequent immunotherapy on prognosis in pediatric anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- A Phase-2B Double-Blind Randomized International Prospective Trial of Inebilizumab in NMDAR Encephalitis: The ExTINGUISH Trial.Neurology open access · 2025Article
- Late relapse of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2024Article
- Development of a short-term prognostic model for anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in Chinese patients.BMC neurology · 2024Article
- Comparative Study of Paraneoplastic and Nonparaneoplastic Autoimmune Encephalitis With GABANeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Predictors and Clinical Characteristics of Relapses in LGI1-Antibody Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Predictive value of persistent antibodies at 6 months for relapse in neuronal surface antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Anti-LGI1 Autoimmune Encephalitis in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis and MGUS.European journal of case reports in internal medicine · 2024Article
- Glucocorticoid-dependent multiple sclerosis overlapping anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a case report and literature review update.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Review
- Identifying Key Prognostic Indicators for Relapse and Chronic Epilepsy in Autoimmune Encephalitis: Insights from a Multicenter Retrospective Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Innovation and optimization in autoimmune encephalitis trials: the design and rationale for the Phase 3, randomized study of satralizumab in patients with NMDAR-IgG-antibody-positive or LGI1-IgG-antibody-positive autoimmune encephalitis (CIELO).Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- VH2+ Antigen-Experienced B Cells in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Are Expanded and Enriched in Pediatric Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the relapse rate and study the factors that may predict the subsequent relapse in anti-NMDAR, anti-GABABR and anti-LGI1 encephalitis in Northeast China. Methods: In the retrospective cohort study, we consecutively enrolled patients with anti-N1MDAR, anti-GABABR and anti-LGI1 encephalitis between March 2015 and November 2021. The patients were followed up for at least 6 months. The outcome variable was a binary variable of relapse or not. Predictors of relapse were identified. Results: A total of 100 patients were enrolled. Relapse occurred in 26 (26%) patients after a median follow-up of 18 months since the first event. The relapse rates of anti - NMDAR, anti - GABABR and anti - LGI1 encephalitis were 25%, 33.3%, and 28.6%, respectively. The multivariable analysis results suggested that immunotherapy delay at the acute phase was independently associated with an increased risk of relapse in total patients (HR = 2.447, 95% CI = 1.027 - 5.832; P = 0.043). Subgroup analysis results showed that antibody titer was associated with the likelihood of relapse in anti-LGI1 encephalitis. The higher the concentration, the more likely it was for patients to have relapse (p=0.019). Conclusion: The general relapse rate of anti-NMDAR, anti-GABABR and anti-LGI1 encephalitis was 26%. The risk of subsequent relapse was elevated in those with delayed immunotherapy in the first episode. In subgroup of anti-LGI1 encephalitis, higher antibody titer was the risk factors of relapse. Thus, timely and aggressive immunotherapy may be beneficial for patients to prevent subsequent relapse.
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