ReviewFrontiers in cell and developmental biology2022
Unconventional Protein Secretion Dependent on Two Extracellular Vesicles: Exosomes and Ectosomes.
Review in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Review
- The Unexpected Visibility of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Reveals a Hidden Route of Surface Trafficking.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Stem cell-derived secretome: a novel strategy for wound healing.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Utilizing Extracellular Vesicles for Delivering Therapies in Neurodegenerative Disorders.Current drug delivery · 2026Review
- Review
- Exosomes in pancreatic islet biology and diabetes: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and potential therapeutic perspectives.Journal of molecular histology · 2025Review
- Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived membrane particles suppress kidney fibrosis.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- A Sensitive and Versatile Cell-Based Assay Combines Luminescence and Trapping Approaches to Monitor Unconventional Protein Secretion.Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) · 2025Article
- Enhanced therapeutic effects of hypoxia-preconditioned mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles in renal ischemic injury.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- Mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes: a new era in cardiac regeneration.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Review
- Small HSPs at the crossroad between protein aggregation, autophagy and unconventional secretion: clinical implications and potential therapeutic opportunities in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- CD81-guided heterologous EVs present heterogeneous interactions with breast cancer cells.Journal of biomedical science · 2024Article
- The endolysosomal system in conventional and unconventional protein secretion.The Journal of cell biology · 2024Review
- Review
- Exosomes target HBV-host interactions to remodel the hepatic immune microenvironment.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Review
- Exosome-Mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control and Vaccine Design.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Protein cargo in extracellular vesicles as the key mediator in the progression of cancer.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Review
- Exosomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma: functions, challenges, and potential applications.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- A Novel Dual-Reporter System Reveals Distinct Characteristics of Exosome-Mediated Protein Secretion in Human Cells.Biological procedures online · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In addition to conventional protein secretion, dependent on the specific cleavage of signal sequences, proteins are secreted by other processes, all together called unconventional. Among the mechanisms operative in unconventional secretion, some are based on two families of extracellular vesicle (EVs), expressed by all types of cells: the exosomes (before secretion called ILVs) and ectosomes (average diameters ∼70 and ∼250 nm). The two types of EVs have been largely characterized by extensive studies. ILVs are assembled within endocytic vacuoles by inward budding of small membrane microdomains associated to cytosolic cargos including unconventional secretory proteins. The vacuoles containing ILVs are called multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Upon their possible molecular exchange with autophagosomes, MVBs undergo two alternative forms of fusion: 1. with lysosomes, followed by large digestion of their cargo molecules; and 2. with plasma membrane (called exocytosis), followed by extracellular diffusion of exosomes. The vesicles of the other type, the ectosomes, are differently assembled. Distinct plasma membrane rafts undergo rapid outward budding accompanied by accumulation of cytosolic/secretory cargo molecules, up to their sewing and pinching off. Both types of EV, released to the extracellular fluid in their complete forms including both membrane and cargo, start navigation for various times and distances, until their fusion with target cells. Release/navigation/fusion of EVs establish continuous tridimensional networks exchanging molecules, signals and information among cells. The proteins unconventionally secreted
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.