ArticleFrontiers in oncology2022
Validation of a Monte Carlo Framework for Out-of-Field Dose Calculations in Proton Therapy.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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11 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Case Report: Proton Therapy of a Pregnant Patient With Small-Cell Lung Cancer in the Third Trimester Using Synthetic Computed Tomographies for Tumor Monitoring.Advances in radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Fluorescent nuclear track detectors for out-of-field neutron dosimetry in proton therapy.Medical physics · 2026Article
- Lanthanide Nanotheranostics in Radiotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Out-of-field dose assessment for pencil beam scanning proton radiotherapy versus photon radiotherapy for breast cancer in pregnant women.Physics and imaging in radiation oncology · 2025Article
- A framework for in-field and out-of-field patient specific secondary cancer risk estimates from treatment plans using the TOPAS Monte Carlo system.Physics in medicine and biology · 2024Article
- Challenges and opportunities for proton therapy during pregnancy.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Article
- Linear energy transfer (LET) distribution outside small radiotherapy field edges produced by 6 MV X-rays.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- A Longitudinal Study of Individual Radiation Responses in Pediatric Patients Treated with Proton and Photon Radiotherapy, and Interventional Cardiology: Rationale and Research Protocol of the HARMONIC Project.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Complete patient exposure during paediatric brain cancer treatment for photon and proton therapy techniques including imaging procedures.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Analytical models for external photon beam radiotherapy out-of-field dose calculation: a scoping review.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Simulation and experimental verification of ambient neutron doses in a pencil beam scanning proton therapy room as a function of treatment plan parameters.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 9 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Proton therapy enables to deliver highly conformed dose distributions owing to the characteristic Bragg peak and the finite range of protons. However, during proton therapy, secondary neutrons are created, which can travel long distances and deposit dose in out-of-field volumes. This out-of-field absorbed dose needs to be considered for radiation-induced secondary cancers, which are particularly relevant in the case of pediatric treatments. Unfortunately, no method exists in clinics for the computation of the out-of-field dose distributions in proton therapy. To help overcome this limitation, a computational tool has been developed based on the Monte Carlo code TOPAS. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the accuracy of this tool in comparison to experimental data obtained from an anthropomorphic phantom irradiation. An anthropomorphic phantom of a 5-year-old child (ATOM, CIRS) was irradiated for a brain tumor treatment in an IBA Proteus Plus facility using a pencil beam dedicated nozzle. The treatment consisted of three pencil beam scanning fields employing a lucite range shifter. Proton energies ranged from 100 to 165 MeV. A median dose of 50.4 Gy(RBE) with 1.8 Gy(RBE) per fraction was prescribed to the initial planning target volume (PTV), which was located in the cerebellum. Thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs), namely, Li-7-enriched LiF : Mg, Ti (MTS-7) type, were used to detect gamma radiation, which is produced by nuclear reactions, and secondary as well as recoil protons created out-of-field by secondary neutrons. Li-6-enriched LiF : Mg,Cu,P (MCP-6) was combined with Li-7-enriched MCP-7 to measure thermal neutrons. TLDs were calibrated in Co-60 and reported on absorbed dose in water per target dose (μGy/Gy) as well as thermal neutron dose equivalent per target dose (μSv/Gy). Additionally, bubble detectors for personal neutron dosimetry (BD-PND) were used for measuring neutrons (>50 keV), which were calibrated in a Cf-252 neutron beam to report on neutron dose equivalent dose data. The Monte Carlo code TOPAS (version 3.6) was run using a phase-space file containing 10
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