ArticleSAGE open medicine2022
Male sex rather than socioeconomic vulnerability as a determinant for COVID-19 death in Sao Paulo: A population-based study.
Article in SAGE open medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Chronic scrotal content pain and viral orchiepididymitis: an overlooked hypothesis linking infection and Wallerian degeneration.Basic and clinical andrology · 2026Review
- Immunohistochemical Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein and ACE2 Markers in Testicular Tumors Diagnosed During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Clinical Medicine Insights. Oncology · 2025Article
- Body mass index and sex differences for mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a path analysis using a brazilian national database.BMC public health · 2023Observational
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the role of the male sex as a risk factor for coronavirus disease deaths in Sao Paulo and to what extent socioeconomic vulnerability and individual health issues can interfere in such risk. Methods: The primary cause of death, age, sex, comorbidities, and code of the Human Development Units of the residence of 37,583 individuals in Sao Paulo, Brazil, were obtained from the records on confirmed coronavirus disease resident hospitalizations of the city of Sao Paulo from the National Influenza Surveillance Information System. A social vulnerability index was assigned to each Human Development Unit. Using "death" as the outcome variable and sex, admission to the intensive care unit, obesity, renal and heart diseases, diabetes, and social vulnerability as confounders, the odds of death for males and females were compared via logistic regression. Results: The odds of death for males were 1.242 (confidence interval 95% = 1.237, 1.247) times the corresponding odds for females with the same values for all confounders. We estimated the odds of death for patients living in regions with high social vulnerability as 2.243 (CI 95% = 2.151, 2.339) times the corresponding odds of patients living in regions with very low social vulnerability with the same values of the remaining variables. Conclusion: The male:female death ratio by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in Sao Paulo cannot be attributed only to comorbidities or social vulnerabilities. Our results suggest that the male sex is an independent biological risk factor for coronavirus disease death. Besides sex-specific factors, further research should focus on crucial biological factors in male sex coronavirus disease mortality.
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