ArticleJournal of neuro-oncology2022
Comparison of tumor immune environment between newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma including matched patients.
Article in Journal of neuro-oncology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- A State-Resolved Single-Cell and Spatial Atlas RevealsMedComm · 2026Article
- Targeting immunosuppressive network in glioblastoma: Emerging strategies to overcome immunodeficiency and enhance therapeutic efficacy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Targeting Androgen Receptor as a Novel Radiosensitizing Therapy to Improve Long-Term Survival and Anti-tumor Immunity in Glioblastoma via TGF-β/Smad3 Axis Reprogramming.Research square · 2026Article
- Immunosuppressive mechanisms and therapeutic interventions shaping glioblastoma immunity.Nature cancer · 2026Review
- Combination Cancer Therapy and Reference Models for Assessing Drug Synergy in Glioblastoma.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Review
- PLX3397 attenuated tumor growth and remodeled tumor microenvironment of recurrent glioblastoma.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Isovalerylspiramycin I Reprograms the Immunosuppressive and Temozolomide-Resistant Microenvironment by Inhibiting the Frizzled-5/Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Glioblastoma.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Elucidating cellular response to treatment with viral immunotherapies in pediatric high-grade glioma and medulloblastoma.Translational oncology · 2024Article
- The need for paradigm shift: prognostic significance and implications of standard therapy-related systemic immunosuppression in glioblastoma for immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Dissecting Intra-tumor Heterogeneity in the Glioblastoma Microenvironment Using Fluorescence-Guided Multiple Sampling.Molecular cancer research : MCR · 2023Review
- Macrophages in Recurrent Glioblastoma as a Prognostic Factor in the Synergistic System of the Tumor Microenvironment.Neurology international · 2023Review
- Recent advances and future challenges of tumor vaccination therapy for recurrent glioblastoma.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor in adult patients. The disease progression, response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy at initial diagnosis, and prognosis are profoundly associated with the tumor microenvironment, especially the features of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TII). Recurrent GBM is even more challenging to manage. Differences in the immune environment between newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM and an association with tumor prognosis are not well defined.
methodsTo address this knowledge gap, we analyzed the clinical data and tissue specimens from 24 GBM patients (13 at initial diagnosis and 11 at recurrence). The expression levels of multiple immunobiological markers in patients' GBM at initial diagnosis versus at recurrence were compared, including five patients with both specimens available (paired). The distribution patterns of TII were evaluated in both the intratumoral and perivascular regions.
resultsWe found that tumors from recurrent GBM have significantly more tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and macrophages and higher PD-L1 and PD-1 expression than tumors at primary diagnosis and benign brain specimens from epilepsy surgery. The pattern changes of the TILs and macrophages of the five paired specimens were consistent with the unpaired patients, while the CD8 to CD4 ratio remained constant from diagnosis to recurrence in the paired tissues. The levels of TILs, macrophages, PD-1 or PD-L1+ cells at initial diagnosis did not correlate with OS. TILs, macrophages, and PD-1+ cells were increased in recurrent tumors both in intratumoral and perivascular areas, with higher distribution levels in intratumoral than perivascular regions. Higher CD4 or CD8 infiltration at recurrence was associated with a worse prognosis, respectively.
conclusionsOur study elucidated that TIL and TAM tend to accumulate in perivascular region and are more abundant in recurrent GBM than newly diagnosed GBM.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.