ArticleBritish dental journal2022
Black staining: an overview for the general dental practitioner.
Article in British dental journal, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Chromogenic bacterial staining of teeth: a scoping review.BMC oral health · 2025Pooled it
- Extrinsic black tooth stain and dental caries in the primary dentition of Vietnamese preschool children.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026Article
- Microbial Characteristics of the Extrinsic Black Stain in Primary Dentition.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Innovations in teeth bleaching: harnessing antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for enhanced outcomes.Lasers in medical science · 2025Review
- Oral microbial profiles of extrinsic black tooth stain in primary dentition: A literature review.Journal of dental sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- Comparative evaluation of the postbleaching application of sodium ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol, and quercetin on shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
'Black stain' is a form of extrinsic staining affecting the buccal and palatal surfaces of primary and permanent teeth. It presents as an incomplete line of dark dots formed at the cervical third of the tooth, typically following the gingival margin and not extending to the proximal areas. There is no consensus on its prevalence, though it appears to vary between 2-20%, with an equal male and female distribution. Although the aetiology is not completely understood, its microflora is dominated by chromogenic bacteria, such as actinomyces and prevotella melaninogenica, and there appears to be a low incidence of caries in the presence of the stain. The cause of the dark pigmentation seems to be from iron deposits such as ferric sulphate, present due to a reaction with the products of bacterial metabolism. This paper aims to provide information on the diagnosis, aetiology and treatment considerations for black stain. A patient case report is also explored.
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Registered trials
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