ArticleVaccines2022
Waning Vaccine Protection against Influenza among Department of Defense Adult Beneficiaries in the United States, 2016-2017 through 2019-2020 Influenza Seasons.
Article in Vaccines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2025-26 Influenza Season.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2025Guideline
- Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2024-25 Influenza Season.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2024Guideline
- Intraseasonal waning of influenza vaccine effectiveness and implications for the optimal timing of seasonal vaccination programs: A scoping review.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2026Article
- When to vaccinate for seasonal influenza: check the peak forecast.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Influenza vaccination and ischemic stroke risk reduction in elderly stroke survivors: a retrospective cohort study with negative control validation.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Estimating historical disease burden and the impact of vaccination by influenza type and subtype in the United States, 2016-2020.Vaccine: X · 2025Article
- Article
- Optimal Timing of Vaccination: A Narrative Review of Integrating Strategies for COVID-19, Influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Review
- Observational
- Epidemiological patterns of influenza viruses among severe acute respiratory infection patients in Burkina Faso, 2016-2019: a surveillance study.The Pan African medical journal · 2025Article
- Epidemiologic and Virologic Characteristics of Influenza in Lao PDR, 2016-2023.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Pharmacovigilance in Vaccines: Importance, Main Aspects, Perspectives, and Challenges-A Narrative Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Article
- Long-term influenza antibodies profiles in previously vaccinated and non-vaccinated adults.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess inactivated influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) by time since vaccination in adults aged ≥ 18 years using a test-negative design. All data were obtained from the US Department of Defense Global Respiratory Pathogen Surveillance Program over four influenza seasons, from 2016-2017 through 2019-2020. Analyses were performed to estimate VE using a generalized linear mixed model with logit link and binomial distribution. The adjusted overall VE against any medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza decreased from 50% (95% confidence interval (CI): 41-58%) in adults vaccinated 14 to 74 days prior to the onset of influenza-like illness (ILI), to 39% (95% CI: 31-47%) in adults vaccinated 75 to 134 days prior to the onset of ILI, then to 17% (95% CI: 0-32%) in adults vaccinated 135 to 194 days prior to the onset of ILI. The pattern and magnitude of VE change with increasing time since vaccination differed by influenza (sub)types. Compared to VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B, the decrease of VE against influenza A(H3N2) was more pronounced with increasing time since vaccination. In conclusion, based on the analysis of 2536 influenza-positive cases identified from 7058 adults over multiple influenza seasons, the effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine wanes within 180 days after 14 days of influenza vaccination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.